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Turn to your Power Point Note Taker
Name the Seven Dwarves
You have ONE minute . . . GO!!!
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult?
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•How long ago you watched the movie
•How loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
So what was the point of the seven
dwarves exercise?
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the longterm storage.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven
dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley
Jumpy Hopeful Goofy
Sleazy
Shy
Droopy Moody
Hoppy
Dopey Sniffy
Wishful Puffy Ren
Dumpy Sneezy
Pop Grumpy Cheesy
Bashful Cheerful
Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy
Happy Doc
Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Quiz Question #1
Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that
included v, q, y, and j. He later recalled these
letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the
original letters had been encoded
A. Automatically
B. Visually
C. Semantically
D. Acoustically
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.
• Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last
1-2 s.)
• Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts a
fraction of a second)
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
Sensory Memory
• Sensory memory forms
automatically, without
attention or interpretation
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
• Attention is needed to
transfer information to
working memory
Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus or minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal

Mental or verbal repetition of information allows
information to remain in working memory longer
than the usual 30 seconds
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Long Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• Explicit
(declarative)
memories
• Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories
Long-Term Memory
Function—organizes and stores information
 more passive form of storage than working memory
 Unlimited capacity
 Duration—thought by some to be permanent

Maintenance Rehearsal
Encoding
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
 Encoding—process
that controls
movement from working to long-term
memory store
 Retrieval—process that controls flow of
Maintenance Rehearsal
information from
long-term to working
memory store
Encoding
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
Explicit Memories (aka, declarative
memories), w/ conscious recall
• Episodic Memories –
personal experiences,
events
• Semantic Memories –
facts, general
knowledge
Formed by the
hippocampus; stored in
the cerebral cortex.
Implicit Memories – w/o
conscious recall
• Procedural Memories –
skills, motor & cognitive
• Conditioned Memories –
dispositions, attitudes
Formed by the
cerebellum; stored
in the cerebral
cortex.
To summarize….
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read
in our text?
GET TING THE INFORMATION IN OUR HEADS!!!!
YO U W I L L B E G I V E N 1 0 M I N U T ES TO T RY TO
R E M E M B E R A S M A N Y D E TA I L S A B O U T T H E P H OTO O N
T H E FO L LOW I N G S L I D E A S YO U C A N .
YO U M AY N OT W R I T E O R M A K E A N Y N OT ES D U R I N G
THIS TIME!!!
NYPD - TEST PREPARATION KIT YOU MAY NOT LOOK BACK AT THE
PHOTOGRAPH. Answer question 1 through 10 on the basis of the
photo
MEMORIZATION - This ability involves remembering information, such
as words, numbers pictures and procedures. Pieces of information
can be remembered by themselves or with other pieces of
information.
1. What kind of a sale are they having at Down Town Uniforms?
(A) Buy one get one free
(B) 30% off
(C) 2 for 1 sale
(D) 25% off all pants
2. What is the full name of the store between Down Town Uniforms
and Fulton Grill?
(A) Universal Electronics
(B) Electronics & Shoes
(C) Electronics
(D) Universal Shoes & Electronics
3. The woman with the Power Gym shirt was carrying an item. Which
of the following is correct?
(A) Gym bag in her right hand
(B) Purse in her left hand
(C) Gym bag in her left hand
(D) Purse in her right hand
4. What is the phone number of Down Town Uniforms?
(A) (718) 624-6601
(C) (718) 624-6600
(B) (718) 624-6609
(D) (718) 624-6605
5. What is the price of the chef salad at Fulton Grill?
(A) $4.99
(B) $3.59
(C) $3.99
(D) $3.39
6. Which store is located at 40-20 Flatbush Ave.?
(A) Down Town Uniforms
(B) Hair Etc.
(C) Fulton Grill
(D) Universal Shoes & Electronics
7. What is the address of Fulton Grill?
(A) 52-28 Flatbush Ave.
(B) 44-28 Flatbush Ave.
(C) 52-20 Flatbush Ave.
(D) 44-20 Flatbush Ave.
8. How many sneakers are displayed in the large banner?
(A) 5
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
9. There is a woman wearing a dress in front of a
store. Which store is she walking in front of?
(A) Fulton Grill
(B) Universal Shoes & Electronics
(C) Down Town Uniforms
(D) Hair Etc.
10. How many light poles are in the photograph?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
Answers
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. B
How well did you do?
Two ways to encode information
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental
information.
• Examples: what table you were
seated at a restaurant; what you ate
for breakfast, where on the page a
word was, who you saw on the way
to class today.
• Things can become automatic with
practice (when you first learn a new
word, every time you hear it, you
consciously and effortfully pull up
the definition from meaning; after
hearing it 50 times, you can
understand the word without effort
– reading Shakespeare.)
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
• Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
• Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most
common effortful processing technique.
• It depends on the amount of time spent
processing the information.
• Overlearning (reviewing things you already know)
enhances retention. (This is why Dr. Humble will
probably never allow senior exam exemptions.)
Spacing Effect
• We increase longterm retention
when we study or
practice over time.
• Cramming is an
inefficient means of
studying (ie,
cramming = less
time for guitar
hero)
All-purpose memory demo
Bed
Toss
Quilt
Tired
Dark
Night
Silence
Artichoke
Fatigue
Turn
Clock
Night
Snoring
Rest
Night
Dream
Quiz Question #2
Your consciously activated but limitedcapacity memory is called ________
memory.
A. short-term
B. Implicit
C. Echoic
D. Explicit
E. Semantic
Quiz Question #3
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of
skills is to ________.
A. brainstem; hippocampus
B. Explicit memory; implicit memory
C. Automatic processing; effortful
processing
D. Short-term memory; long-term memory
E. Iconic; echoic
Serial Positioning Effect
• We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency
effect) of a list best.
• Primacy effect is stronger than recency effect if there is a delay between
the list and recall.
Words remembered
Order on list
Which type works best?
Chunking
• Organizing items
into familiar,
manageable units.
• Often it will occur
automatically.
Take 10 seconds to try to remember
this number list:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Chunk- from Goonies
What are some other
examples of chunking?
Tricks to Encoding
Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
-Often use imagery (peg word, method of
loci, “hippo on campus…”)
-May use chunking (King Philip Came Over
for Great Spaghetti, SOHCOHTOA, My very
earnest mother just served us nine [pizzas],
ROY G. BIV)
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
Self-Reference Effect
• The idea that we
remember things when
they relate to
ourselves.
• What do we do in class
to take advantage of
this?
Study pitfalls
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Visual encoding: thinking about the appearance of the
word
Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of the word
(unless it is set to music—then it is great for rote
memorization)
The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the
person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered;
in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but
we do not remember it.
Quiz Question #4
In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges,
and potatoes the next time he does to the
grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP”
with the first letter of each item. He is using a
memory aid known as
A. Chunking
B. The spacing effect
C. The serial position effect
D. The method of loci
E. The next-in-line effect
Quiz Question #5
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new
office with a new phone extension. Every time
he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first
thinks of his old extension, illustrating the
effects of
A. Proactive interference
B. Retroactive interference
C. Encoding failure
D. Storage failure