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Geol 101: Physical Geology
Fall 2003
EXAM 1
Write your name out in full on the scantron form and fill in the corresponding ovals to spell out
your name. Also fill in your student ID number in the space provided. Do not include the
dash and do not leave any spaces. Make sure you have all 8 pages of the exam.
There are 55 questions. For each question, select the correct answer and fill in your choice
on the scantron form. You MUST use pencil on the scantron form!
1. Which of the following is not one of the terrestrial planets?
A. Earth
B. Mars
C. Venus
D. Uranus
E. Mercury
2. The formation
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
of the sun and planets was complete by about ________ years ago.
15 billion years ago
4.6 billion years ago
15 million years ago
4.6 million years ago
2,003 years ago
3. The process by which the Earth divided up into layers with different densities is called:
A. the big bang
B. nuclear fusion
C. densification
D. planetary layering
E. differentiation
4. A rock with a density that is three times greater than that of water has a density of:
A. 3 g/cm3
B. 3 kg
C. 300 g/cm3
D. 300° F
E. it depends on the viscosity
5. Which of the following choices shows Earth’s internal layers in their correct order from the
center towards the surface?
A. inner crust, outer crust, mantle, core
B. core, crust, mantle
C. inner core, mantle, lithosphere, asthenosphere
D. inner core, outer core, lower mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere
E. inner core, outer core, lower mantle, crust, lithosphere
6. The lithosphere is made up of:
A. the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
B. solid rock that behaves in a ductile manner
C. only continental crust and oceanic crust
D. the highest density rocks out of all the Earth’s internal layers
E. all of the above
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7. Which of Earth’s internal layers has the consistency of salt-water taffy (soft and gooey)?
A. crust
B. lithosphere
C. asthenosphere
D. outer core
E. inner core
8. Which of Earth’s internal layers is completely liquid?
A. crust
B. lithosphere
C. asthenosphere
D. outer core
E. inner core
9. The principle
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
of uniformitarianism can be simply stated as:
most geological principles are just wishful thinking
the more things change, the more they stay the same
our understanding of geology hasn’t changed much over the years
we should all conform
the present is the key to the past
10. The smallest fundamental substance that you can break any compound down into using
either physical or chemical means (e.g. crushing or dissolving) is:
A. an atom
B. an element
C. a compound
D. a mineral
E. a nucleus
11. In an atom, the particles with negative, positive, and neutral charges are respectively:
A. electrons, neutrons, protons
B. electrons, protons, neutrons
C. protons, electrons, neutrons
D. neutrons, electrons, protons
E. positrons, negatrons, morons
12. Whenever elements combine together in a specific ratio, a/an ___________ is formed:
A. atom
B. isotope
C. element
D. ion
E. compound
13. Based on the following types of anions (Cl-; S2-; (CO3)2-) and the following types of cations
(Na+; Ca2+; Fe2+), which of the following compounds is the only one that is written out
correctly?
A. ClNa
B. SCa
C. CaCO3
D. CO3Fe
E. Cl2Fe
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14. Atomic bonding that involves electrons being shared between atoms is called:
A. molecular bonding
B. covalent bonding
C. ionic bonding
D. metallic bonding
E. van der Waals bonding
15. In diamond, all C atoms are held together by (1)__________ bonding, but in graphite,
C atoms are arranged into sheets bonded together by (2)___________ bonding.
A. (1) ionic
(2) covalent
B. (1) van der Waals (2) covalent
C. (1) metallic
(2) ionic
D. (1) covalent
(2) van der Waals
E. (1) covalent
(2) ionic
16. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following do NOT use minerals in their manufacture?
gold coins
silver coins
quartz watches
makeup
all of the above use minerals in their manufacture
17. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following fit the definition of a mineral?
naturally occurring
solid
they have a highly ordered atomic arrangement
all the above
none if the above
18. Minerals are
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
named:
after places (where they were discovered)
based on their appearance
after people (as an honor)
all of the above
none of the above
19. The physical properties of minerals, such as color, are used, among other things, to aid in
mineral identification. For instance, muscovite and biotite are both micas, but biotite is
dark colored because it contains:
A. iron
B. carbon
C. coal
D. tin
E. none of the above
20. Cleavage and fracture are two physical properties of minerals that deal with:
A. how minerals break
B. the hardness of minerals
C. chemical bonding in minerals
D. the streak of a mineral
E. none of the above
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21. The physical properties of minerals can be defined as "any measurable or observable
property of a mineral." The physical properties of minerals are:
A. directly related to the mineral's crystal structure
B. used to classify minerals
C. used as an aid in mineral identification
D. both A and C
E. none of the above
22. Elements become charged when the number of protons and electrons is unequal. A/an
(1)_____ is formed if there are more electrons than protons, and a/an (2)____ is formed
when there are more protons than electrons.
A. (1) cation (2) anion
B. (1) anion (2) cation
C. (1) ion
(2) anion
D. (1) cation (2) ion
E. none of the above
23. Ions combine to form minerals so that the sum of their charges is:
A. equal to zero
B. greater than zero
C. less than zero
D. one
E. none of the above
24. Using the above rule, which of the following is the correct chemical formula for quartz
(given Si has a +4 charge and O has a -2 charge)?
A. SiO
B. SiO2
C. SiO3
D. SiO4
E. none of the above
25. What is the charge on the formula AlSi3O8 (given Al has a +3 charge, Si is +4 and O is -2)?
A. 0
B. -1
C. -2
D. +1
E. none of the above
26. Based on the above, could the formula AlSi3O8 be a mineral?
A. yes
B. no
C. yes, if a cation with a plus one charge were added
D. yes, if an anion with a plus one charge were added
E. none of the above
27. Another criterion for minerals to form is that the anions and cations must _____..
A. fit together in an ordered arrangement
B. be the same size
C. be different sizes
D. be the same element
E. none of the above
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28. The same atoms can arrange themselves into different patterns within a mineral (i.e.,
same chemical formula, but different internal structures). These minerals are called _____
and form in different geological conditions.
A. polymorphs
B. oxides
C. covalent
D. silicates
E. none of the above
29. A silicate tetrahedron is made of (1)____ and has a charge of (2)____.
A. (1) one Si and two O atoms
(2) 0
B. (1) one Si and three O atoms (2) -2
C. (1) one Si and four O atoms
(2) -4
D. (1) one Si and four O atoms
(2) 0
E. none of the above combinations
30. Silicate tetrahedrons (1)_____ to form the (2)_____ mineral group, which comprises
approximately 90% of the minerals in the earth's crust
A. (1) ionize
(2) oxide
B. (1) ionize
(2) granite and basalt
C. (1) polymerize (2) silicate
D. (1) polymerize (2) oxide
E. none of the above combinations
31. Molten rock below the Earth’s surface is called (1)________ and typically forms at depths
of (2)________:
A. (1) lava
(2) less than 100 km
B. (1) lava
(2) less than 10 km
C. (1) magma
(2) less than 100 km
D. (1) magma
(2) less than 10 km
E. (1) magma
(2) the vicinity of the outer core
32. The rate that temperature increases with increasing depth inside the earth is called:
A. the geothermal gradient
B. the isothermal gradient
C. the hydrothermal gradient
D. the mesothermal gradient
E. the Celsius scale
33. The melting temperature of a rock is influenced by:
A. pressure
B. water content
C. chemistry
D. all of the above
E. only A and C above
34. The different types of magma, in order of increasing silica content, are:
A. felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
B. ultrafelsic, felsic, intermediate, mafic
C. mafic, ultramafic, felsic, intermediate
D. mafic, ultramafic, intermediate, felsic
E. ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic
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35. Which of the following types of lava has the highest viscosity and therefore has great
difficulty flowing?
A. felsic
B. ultramafic
C. mafic
D. intermediate
E. ketchup
36. What controls the size of crystals that form an igneous rock?
A. magma chemistry
B. rate of cooling
C. types of minerals
D. Bowen’s reaction series
E. type of volcano
37. Lava that erupts underwater may form bulbous pods of cooled lava called (1)______.
Because they cool so fast, the rock may look like glass, in which case it is called (2)______.
A. (1) phenocrysts
(2) pumice
B. (1) pillow lava
(2) vesicular basalt
C. (1) pillow lava
(2) obsidian
D. (1) porphyry
(2) pumice
E. (1) phenocrysts
(2) obsidian
38. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following minerals is not one of the six most common rock-forming minerals?:
quartz
feldspar
pyroxene
pyrite
mica
39. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following statements about Bowens Reaction Series is false?:
it tells us about the order in which minerals crystallize from molten rock
the types of minerals that form depends on the chemistry of the magma
different minerals crystallize at different temperatures as the magma cools
quartz is the first mineral to crystallize in the series
the discontinuous branch minerals are: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
40. The volcanic rock (1)______
same chemistry:
A. (1) basalt
B. (1) andesite
C. (1) granite
D. (1) rhyolite
E. (1) rhyolite
has a corresponding plutonic rock (2)______ having the
(2) gabbro
(2) granite
(2) diorite
(2) basalt
(2) diorite
41. How many active volcanoes are there in the world?
A. around 10,000
B. around 1,500
C. around 100
D. less than 50
E. about a million
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42. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following volcanic hazards refers to a mudflow made of volcanic ash?
lava bomb
ash fall
debris avalanche
pyroclastic flow
lahar
43. What major American city is at greatest risk for the above type of hazard?
A. San Francisco
B. Seattle
C. Portland
D. New York
E. Idaho Falls
44. Low viscosity lava is a characteristic of (1)_________ eruptions, which commonly form a
low, gently sloping volcano type called a (2)_________.
A. (1) explosive (2) shield volcano
B. (1) explosive (2) stratovolcano
C. (1) nonexplosive (2) shield volcano
D. (1) nonexplosive (2) stratovolcano
E. (1) nonexplosive (2) composite volcano
45. An explosive eruption that causes the top of a volcano to collapse into the underlying
empty magma chamber creates a large circular hole in the volcano called a:
A. crater
B. cinder cone
C. maar crater
D. lava dome
E. caldera
46. The largest and most active volcano on Earth is:
A. Lassen Peak, California
B. Mount St. Helens, Washington
C. Mount Mazama, Oregon
D. Mauna Loa, Hawaii
E. Yellowstone, Wyoming
47. Lava bombs, lapilli and volcanic ash are all types of:
A. lava
B. tephra
C. magma
D. pyroclastic flows
E. Nike sportswear
48. A volcano that has never erupted in historic times but which may still erupt one day is said
to be:
A. active
B. dormant
C. extinct
D. in remission
E. asleep
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49. Before Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, the last Cascades volcano to erupt was:
A. Mount Mazama
B. Mount Rainier
C. Mount Hood
D. Mount St. Helens
E. Lassen Peak
50. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following statements about the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens is FALSE?
it was the 15th or so eruption of Mt. St. Helens in the past 4000 years
the eruption was triggered by a gigantic landslide on the side of the volcano
the eruption started off as a lateral blast and then formed a Plinian column
prevailing winds carried ash eastwards across Washington and Idaho
the eruption came as a complete surprise to volcanologists
BONUS QUESTIONS
51. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following does not belong on the list?
lithosphere
ionosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
hydrosphere
52. Which of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
following statements is false?
oceanic crust is denser than continental crust
oceanic crust is typically thinner than continental crust
oceanic crust is typically high in silica, like granite
continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
continental crust is typically thicker than oceanic crust
53. Which of the following volcanic areas in the western USA have NOT erupted in the past
4000 years?
A. Mount St. Helens, Washington
B. Craters of the Moon, Idaho
C. Yellowstone, Wyoming
D. Mount Rainier, Washington
E. Mount Hood, Oregon
54. The largest landslide in recorded history occurred in:
A. Oregon
B. Washington
C. Idaho
D. Hawaii
E. California
55. I have made sure that my name and student ID number are correctly filled in on the
scantron sheet and I will remember to hand in the scantron sheet and take the test
question sheet with me when I leave. I will check my grade on the WebCT website.
A. yes
B. no
C. 42
D. eh?
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