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Suite 880 - 999 West Broadway Vancouver BC V5Z 1K5 Canada T: 604.730.2877 | F: 604.730.2898 E: [email protected] | www.discover-energy.com EV Traction Dry Cell Performance OCV: Open-Circuit Voltage: Open-circuit voltage varies according to ambient temperature and the remaining capacity of a battery. Normally, OCV is determined by the gravity of the electrolyte. Discharging a battery lowers the gravity. Battery Voltage (V) Relationship of OCV and State of Charge (20˚C) Relative State of Charge (%) SHELF LIFE & STORAGE: Self-Discharge Characteristics: Low internal resistance and chemistry in the electrodes ensure a low self discharge rate and longer shelf life. If maintained at 20°C, approximately 60% of the nominal capacity remains after one year of storage. Due to the self-discharge characteristics of this type of battery, and in order to prevent sulfation and permanent loss of capacity, it is important to charge the battery within 6 months of storage. Self - Discharge Characteristics 100 Charging is not necessary unless 100% of capacity is required. Capacity (%) 80 5˚C / 41˚F 60 40˚C / 104˚F 30˚C / 86˚F Charge may fail to restore full capacity. Do not let battery reach this state. 20˚C / 68˚F 40 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Charging before use is necessary to recover full capacity. 18 20 Storage Time (months) PAGE 1 Discover® and Clean & Green® are registered trade marks and are used under license. All Rights Reserved. Updated: November 7, 2013 INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS Suite 880 - 999 West Broadway Vancouver BC V5Z 1K5 Canada T: 604.730.2877 | F: 604.730.2898 E: [email protected] | www.discover-energy.com TEMPERATURE: Relationship Between Charging Voltage and Temperature: Activity in a battery increases when temperature rises and decreases when temperature falls. When temperature rises, the charging voltage should be reduced in order to prevent overcharging. Conversely, when temperature falls, charging voltage should be increased in order to prevent undercharging. Normally, a temperature-compensated charger is recommended to achieve ideal service life. V/ Cell V/ 4V V/ 6V V/ 8V V/ 12V The standard centre point for temperature compensation is 20°C. The figure below shows the relationship between charging voltages and temperature in both cyclic and standby (float) applications. Relationship Between Charging Voltage and Temperature Cyc le U se Stand by Us e Ambient Temperature (˚C) Temperature Effects on Capacity: Actual capacity is a function of ambient temperature and rate of discharge. The capacity increases slowly and decreases as the temperature falls. At any ambient temperature, the higher the rate of discharge the lower the available capacity. Temperature Effects on Capacity Capacity (%) C 0.1 ˚ C 0.2 ˚ C 1.0 ˚ C 2.0 ˚ Temperature (˚C) PAGE 2 Discover® and Clean & Green® are registered trade marks and are used under license. All Rights Reserved. Updated: November 7, 2013 INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS Suite 880 - 999 West Broadway Vancouver BC V5Z 1K5 Canada T: 604.730.2877 | F: 604.730.2898 E: [email protected] | www.discover-energy.com CHARGING: Constant Current IUI with Pulse Termination: This algorithm uses a pulse termination criterion. As a safety precaution during the Finish phase, if the average cell voltage, or volts per cell (vpc), exceeds V2 and the charger output has been on for more than 30 seconds, the output is shut off until the vpc falls to V3. The finish phase then resumes and this “pulsing” continues until the target overcharge (108% - 112%) is reached. Discover EV Traction Dry Cell - Constant Current IUI with Pulse Termination Bulk Absorption V2 = 2.60vpc U = 2.435 +/- .015vpc Dv/Dt = 2.5mV/Cell/Hr or 108% - 112% recharge V3 = 2.35vpc I2 = .01 x C20 Capacity Volts Per Cell (VPC) Initial Charging Current I = X C20 Rating I1 = .25 x C20 Capacity +/- .05 x C20 (minimum I1 =0.10 x C20) Balance/Termination Temperature Coef. +/- .005vpc/C, 0.003vpc /F from 25˚C (77˚F) Max 18 Hrs Max 5 Hrs Max 4 Hrs Maximum Charge Time Must be Limited to 24 Hours Constant Current IUI: A constant current charger can also be used, however it is important to adhere to the termination criteria to minimize the chance of excessive over-charge. Bulk: Set the charger to the initial current I1 (I1 =0.10 x C20) until the voltage limit U (U=2.465 +/- .015vpc) is reached. Absorption: Set the charger to the voltage U (U=2.465 +/- .015vpc) until the current tapers to I1 (I1 =0.10 x C20). Balance/Termination: Set the charger to the finish current I1 (Max = 16% I1). If the charger can be programmed, the charge should terminate when the voltage stops increasing over time. This is called a dV/dT termination. The charge should terminate when the dV/dT is equal to 2.5mV/cell/hour. The charge time in the final phase should not exceed 8 hours and the total charge time should not exceed 24 hours. The percentage recharge should be between 108%-112%. Discover EV Traction Dry Cell - Constant Current IUI An indefinite float phase may be added at 2.27vpc Bulk Absorption Balance/Termination I1 = .25 x C20 Capacity +/- .05 x C20 (minimum I1 =0.10 x C20) U = 2.465 +/- .015vpc Temperature Coef. +/- .005vpc/C, .003vpc /F from 25˚C (77˚F) Max 14 Hrs Max 5 Hrs 108% - 112% recharge Volts Per Cell (VPC) Initial Charging Current I = X C20 Rating V2 = 2.60vpc Max 16% I1 Max 4 Hrs Maximum Charge Time Must be Limited to 24 Hours PAGE 3 Discover® and Clean & Green® are registered trade marks and are used under license. All Rights Reserved. Updated: November 7, 2013 INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS Suite 880 - 999 West Broadway Vancouver BC V5Z 1K5 Canada T: 604.730.2877 | F: 604.730.2898 E: [email protected] | www.discover-energy.com CHARGING: Voltage Regulated IUU: Over and under-charging a battery will result in shortened service life. The best protection from improper charging is the use of a quality charger and routinely checking that the charger current and voltage settings are maintained. Bulk: The charger should deliver the initial current I1 (I1 =0.10 x C20) until the voltage limit U (U = 2.45 +/- .015vpc) is reached. Absorption: The charger should maintain the voltage U (U = 2.45 +/- .015vpc) until the current tapers to I1 (I1 =0.10 x C20). Float: The charger can maintain the current I1 (Max = 16% I1 indefinitely or until the charger is shut off or unplugged. This stage is ideal to maintain battery state of charge. As the temperature decreases, the voltage should be increased and as the temperature increases the voltage should be decreased. Discover EV Traction Dry Cell - Voltage Regulated IUU Bulk Absorption Float Volts Per Cell (VPC) Initial Charging Current I = X C20 Rating I1 = .25 x C20 Capacity +/- .05 x C20 (minimum I1 =0.10 x C20) U = 2.45 +/- .015vpc U2 = 2.27vpc Temperature Coef. +/- .005vpc/C, .003vpc /F from 25˚C (77˚F) Max 14 Hrs Max 8 Hrs No Time Limit BATTERY LIFE: Cycle Service Life in Relation to Depth of Discharge (D.O.D): The number of charge/discharge cycles depends on the capacity taken from the battery, operating temperature and the charging methods. Capacity (%) Cycle Service Life in Relation to Depth of Discharge 80% D.O.D 50% D.O.D 20% D.O.D Number of Cycles PAGE 4 Discover® and Clean & Green™ are registered trade marks of BDI Inc. and are used under license. © BDI Inc. All Rights Reserved. Discover® and Clean & Green® are registered trade marks and are used under license. All Rights Reserved. Updated: November 7, 2013 INNOVATIVE POWER SOLUTIONS