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Knowledge grows The Nutrition of Potatoes in Western Canada Contents Crop Knowledge, Potato Nutritional Needs....................................................................... 1 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.................................................................................. 2 Calcium...................................................................................................................3-4 Magnesium, Sulphur, Micronutrients, Boron.................................................................... 5 Copper, Iron, Manganese, Zinc...................................................................................... 6 Portfolio Combinations, YaraLiva , YaraVita .................................................................... 7 ® ® Megalab , Yara CheckIT , Yara TankmixIT ..................................................................... 9 TM TM ® Crop Nutrition Programs.......................................................................................... 10-11 Crop Knowledge Yara has extensive crop nutrition knowledge as a result of more than 100 years of research and development in more than 150 countries around the world. In recent years several best practice documents have been developed to consolidate Yara’s agronomic expertise on many key global crops. Our trial database stores proven results from research conducted throughout the world. Following extensive research and field trials, the company’s expertise has been brought together into a comprehensive Plantmaster publication series. This Potato Nutrition Brochure contains a short overview and expands on some of the information contained in the Potato Plantmaster. The availability of key nutrients such as phosphorus and micronutrients such as iron, manganese, and zinc is reduced on alkaline soils. Potato Nutritional Needs Optimum potato nutrition is essential for good plant health and top tuber yields. All nutrients must be available in the soil solution or through foliar applications to provide sufficient concentration in the plant. Potatoes require 17 different nutrients, each playing it’s unique role in plant nutrition. Good potato nutrition is similar to any good team. A successful team is comprised of members that each bring different attributes to the team and each member contributes to the success of the team. Each essential nutrient contributes to yield by fulfilling specific functions within the plant. Nitrogen, potassium, and calcium are required in large amounts for good potato health. Phosphorus, magnesium and sulphur are required in lesser amounts and micronutrients are required in much smaller concentrations. Regardless of how much of a particular nutrient is required by the potato crop, a deficiency of any nutrient will reduce potato yield and quality. Potatoes have a smaller rooting system than crops like cereals which reduces the soil volume from which potatoes extract nutrients. Wheat and barley roots will grow as much as four feet into the soil while potatoes roots are concentrated in the top two feet of the soil. In addition, potatoes have far fewer fine roots than many other crops which further limits their ability to take up nutrients from the soil. Potatoes take up substantial quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Failure to replace the nutrients taken up from the soil and removed from the field in the tubers will reduce the soil levels of those nutrients. Mining the soil is unsustainable and will ultimately lead to reduced soil quality, crop yields, and farmer profitability. Nutrient uptake by potato tubers and leaves and stems at various yield levels. 200 cwt/acre Leaves & Stems Tubers 400 cwt/acre Leaves & Stems Tubers 600 cwt/acre Leaves & Stems Tubers Lbs/acre N 40 60 80 120 120 180 P2O5 10 30 20 60 30 90 K2O 60 130 120 260 180 390 Based on IPNI nutrient uptake calculator Soil pH affects nutrient availability and the incidence and severity of some important diseases of potatoes. Alkaline, calcareous soils create special challenges for potato farmers. Yara I 1 Nitrogen Phosphorus Nitrogen is a part of structural and functional proteins in the potato plant, such as DNA and RNA, and it is a component of chlorophyll, the photosynthetic factory in the leaves that converts sunlight into sugar. Less nitrogen means a smaller factory and reduced yields. Nitrogen is mobile within a plant so a deficiency of nitrogen is manifested in older leaves where nitrogen is moved to younger leaves. Phosphorus contributes to better root growth and is a key component in energy production and transfer in cells. Cell membranes as well as DNA and RNA contain phosphorus. Phosphorus is mobile in the plant so deficiencies are expressed on older leaves. Phosphorus availability is reduced in alkaline soils where the pH is greater than 7.5 and in cold, wet soils and this can lead to deficiency during early spring growth when the stage is set for top yield. Sufficient phosphorus availability is also important during tuber initiation and tuber bulking. Research has shown that potato yields are often increased by starter fertilizers with phosphorus, even on soils that test “high” in phosphorus. In the study below, supplying potatoes with increasing percentage of nitrate rather than ammonium increased tuber yields at three rates of nitrogen. The nitrogen in YaraLiva calcium nitrate is essentially all nitrate-nitrogen (94%), which is immediately available to potatoes even in cold soils. The ammonium can come from fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate or from urea. In addition, do not apply more than 100 lbs N/acre as urea in the hill at planting because the potential for ammonia injury. Rel. tuber yield 1 Phosphorus also increases tuber number as shown in this UK research. Tubers / 3ft of row Potatoes require substantial amounts of nitrogen to achieve their genetic potential. The crop demand for nitrogen is based on the expected tuber yield, variety, and intended use. The typical nitrogen demand will range from 200 - 280 lbs N/acre for processing potatoes while about half that much nitrogen is commonly applied on seed and fresh market potatoes. The nitrogen fertilizer needed by the crop will be reduced by the nitrogen released from soil organic matter and nitrogen already in the soil. 60 55 50 45 40 0 45 90 180 Lbs P2O5/acre 360 From Jenkins and Ali., 2000 Potassium Potatoes take up large amounts of potassium, more than nitrogen, and potassium plays a key role in water relations and good overall plant health. 0.95 0.9 Potassium is found throughout the plant but it does not become incorporated into plant structures or tissues. Potassium deficiency symptoms first appear as the edges and tips of the lower leaves become yellow and necrotic. Eventually, the marginal yellowing spreads between the veins and leaf margins curl upward. Leaves wither and collapse prematurely. 0.85 0.8 0a.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 80% NH4/20% NO3 50% NH4/50% NO3 20% NH4/80% NO3 Total N (lbs N/acre) 110 2 | Yara 160 215 From Ochilea et al., 2000 Farmers have several choices for potassium fertilizer for potatoes. Farmers have successfully used muriate of potash (MOP or potassium chloride) and potassium magnesium sulphate where there is sufficient rainfall or irrigation to remove the salt and chloride from the soil. Calcium Calcium is often under-valued but it is a critically important nutrient in potato production. Calcium is involved in many physiological functions such as cell division, cell wall integrity, water regulation, and stress signaling. Adequate cell division is paramount for ensuring maximum tuber yield, as well as promoting shoot and root elongation, especially the development of feeder roots and roots hairs. Calcium is “fixed” in the middle lamella of cells walls and aids structure and stability. This is important in helping to provide a physical barrier against pathogens, and calcium also inhibits the enzymes produced by fungi and bacteria that degrade cell walls. In water regulation, calcium is necessary to “forward” the drought signal from the roots to the upper leaves of potato plant which causes the stomata on the leaves to close. Adequate soluble calcium is necessary for the proper execution of all these functions helps to ensure the production of high quality potatoes. Adequate calcium reduces physiological disorders such internal brown spot and hollow heart, reduces bruising, and reduces plant diseases. Calcium applied Lbs/acre Peel calcium Internal brown spot --------------------%-------------------- Applying 150 lbs of calcium/acre as a combination of YaraLiva calcium nitrate and calcium chloride reduced bruising in five common potato varieties. 50 40 Bruising (%) Many soils contain adequate amounts of total calcium, but most of the calcium is tied up in insoluble forms such as calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate and there is very little soluble calcium – the only form of calcium that is available to potatoes. 30 20 10 0 Snowden CN, CaCI Burbank Superior Norland From Karisson and Palta, 2003 In 2016, Yara Canada conducted 15 field trials in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island comparing YaraLiva calcium nitrate to the grower standard fertilizer practice. On average, YaraLiva increased potato yield by 41 cwt/acre. Yield (cwt/ac) 500 400 300 295 336 200 0 0.11 60 75 0.13 37 100 225 0.15 17 0 From Tzeng et al. 1986 Atlanta Ammonium Nitrate Check avg Calcium Nitrate avg 2016 field trials in PEI and NB Yara I 3 Good calcium nutrition also reduced soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) of potatoes in storage. Calcium must be placed in the soil where it is available to the stolons and tubers because calcium uptake is primarily by stolons, stolon roots, and directly by the developing tuber. Dyed water was used to simulate calcium uptake and movement in field grown potatoes. Notice that the colored water taken up the main plant roots did not go to the tuber (left photo). In contrast, the dyed water taken up by the stolons and stolon roots was moved to the tuber (right photo). 0.6 70 0.5 60 0.4 50 40 0.3 30 Peel Ca (%) Tuber wt loss (%) 80 0.2 20 0.1 10 0 0 | |||| || 250 500 1000 2000 3000 6000 12000 0 Solution Calcium (mg/l) Weight Loss Peel Ca From McGuire and Kelman, 1984 Photos courtesy of J. Palta Seed crop fertilization At planting 2 weeks after emergence Lbs calcium/acre 0 Commercial crop yield 0 US #1 4-6 oz. US #1 > 6 oz. Total Cwt/acre % Cwt/acre % Cwt/acre 266 34 406 52 782 24 0 256 29 506 58 879 0 20 306 35 439 50 874 0 40 288 34 442 52 853 From Holland, 1999 Good calcium nutrition is especially important for seed potato production. Field research has demonstrated that fertilizing the seed potato crop with YaraLiva calcium nitrate increased the yield of the commercial crop. Applying YaraLiva calcium nitrate to the seed potato crop at planting or at two weeks after 4 | Yara emergence increased total yield by an average of more than 85 cwt/acre and increased US #1 tubers that weighed more than 6 oz. by an average of 56 cwt/acre. The commercial crop was fertilized uniformly; the yield difference was due to the superior calcium nutrition in the seed potatoes. Magnesium Magnesium is a key component of chlorophyll and up to 20% of the magnesium in plants is found in chlorophyll. In addition, magnesium helps contribute to cell wall integrity and activates many plant enzymes. Magnesium is therefore important throughout the whole growing season. Magnesium is mobile within plants so a deficiency is evident on older tissues and is often expressed as interveinal chlorosis sometimes accompanied by upward cupping. limited value and foliar applications or combinations of soil and foliar applications may be more effective. In contrast, YaraVita Procote impregnated onto granular fertilizer exhibits greater micronutrient uptake compared to other granular micronutrient fertilizers. It is important to maintain the correct balance between potassium and magnesium for optimum potato yield and quality. Research and farmer experience indicate that the magnesium concentration in the soil should be at least 10% of the potassium concentration while 20% is optimum; however, where soil nutrient correction is difficult or expensive foliar application of magnesium is a good alternative. Some authorities recommend that the magnesium concentration be even greater. Boron plays a critical role in root and shoot growth, plant development, and pollination. Soil should be tested for boron and monitored to ensure an adequate supply is available to the potato crop from planting until late tuber bulking. Along with potassium, calcium and magnesium, boron is an important element present in the cell wall. Here it acts as a cement between pectins, providing cohesive strength for cell tissues. Therefore boron affects tuber storage quality characteristics. Boron stabilizes calcium in the cell wall and acts in synergy with calcium to improve plant resistance to disease, pest and environmental stresses. Boron helps promote carbohydrate transport from potato plant tops to tubers. Applications of boron have been found to increase calcium levels in the tubers. Sulphur Sulphur and nitrogen go hand-in-hand, and both are needed for structural and functional proteins, DNA, and RNA. Sulphur is taken up as the sulphate ion (SO4=) and like nitrate, sulphate can be leached from the surface soil. Most sulphur in soil is found in the organic fraction of the soil, so soils with low organic matter are more likely to exhibit sulphur deficiency. Sulphate forms of sulphur are immediately available to the crop whereas elemental sulphur must be converted to the sulphate form by microorganisms in the soil. Micronutrients Micronutrients, including boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are needed in low concentrations by potatoes, but a deficiency of any of these essential nutrients can reduce yield and quality and affect overall crop health. In many cases, soil applications of conventional granular micronutrients may be of Boron Tuber Calcium Levels 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Mid-season At Harvest Control 2 x 11 Bortrac 150 Ref: Hilbrands Laboratory, 1997 Yara I 5 Copper Zinc Copper is a constituent of enzymes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and it serves as a catalyst in photosynthesis and respiration. Copper is immobile within plants and the deficiency is shown as stunted growth, dieback of terminal growth, and wilting and eventual death of leaf tips. Copper deficiency occurs most commonly on sandy soils and soils with high organic matter content. Zinc’s primary function is synthesis of indoleacetic acid, a key plant hormone, energy metabolism and protein. Zinc is mobile within plants so a deficiency is observed in older tissues. Symptoms of zinc deficiency include decrease in stem and shoot growth, rosetting of terminal growth, interveinal chlorosis, and smaller leaves. Iron Iron is essential for chlorophyll formation and enzyme activation in plants. Iron is immobile within plants so an iron deficiency is expressed by interveinal chlorosis with green veins in young leaves. Iron is less available on high pH soils or when high levels of zinc or manganese are present. Soil testing for iron is of limited value as is leaf analysis. Manganese Manganese plays a role in chlorophyll synthesis and it is a critical component in the chlorophyll molecule itself; it also is responsible for activation of plant enzymes. Manganese is immobile within the plant so a deficiency appears in young tissue; a deficiency appears as interveinal chlorosis on young leaves. 6 | Yara Application of granular zinc often has a limited effect while application of Procote Zinc and/or application of foliar zinc offer superior results. Portfolio combinations YaraVita ® The Yara brand sets the standard in fertilizer quality. The aim is to provide consistency from load to load and from year to year. All Yara products are formulated to the declaration and the analysis is guaranteed, giving confidence that “What is on the label is what you get”. YaraVita is the global brand name for Yara’s range of micronutrients. The essence of YaraVita is attention to detail and this pays dividends when planning crop nutrition programs. Optimum crop yield and quality require application of the right micronutrients at the right time. The following potato programs are Yara’s recommendations to help farmers achieve a larger potato crop. These programs will help assure a healthier crop, larger yield and superior quality which means more profitability for the farmer. All YaraVita products are formulated to ensure crop safety and plant availability of the micronutrients. Yara products are reliable and undergo extensive testing prior to being recommended to various crops. YaraLiva YaraVita products recommended for the different potato crop stages: YaraLiva is the global brand name for Yara’s calcium nitrate fertilizers, including YaraLiva TROPICOTE, YaraLiva NITRABOR and YaraLiva CALCINIT dry fertilizers. The essence of YaraLiva is quality. These calcium nitrate-based products generally improve the quality of potato tubers. YaraLiva keeps your crop healthier longer, improving shelf life, firmness, strength and the overall appearance of the crop. • • • • • • • • • • ® YaraLiva provides nitrogen and calcium that are immediately available for plants. Nitrate is the nitrogen form directly available for plant uptake. It is non-volatile and not adsorbed to soil particles, leaving it readily available to plants. YaraLiva TROPICOTE and NITRABOR are the preferred nitrogen sources for most horticultural and high value agricultural crops, because nitrate improves the plant uptake of the cations potassium, calcium and magnesium. The calcium from YaraLiva TROPICOTE and NITRABOR improves cell wall strength and cell membrane integrity, leading to better quality, longer shelf life and increasing marketable crop yields. Greater cell wall strength and membrane integrity also help potatoes better tolerate stresses such as diseases, moisture, heat and cold, and salinity. In addition, the calcium in YaraLiva TROPICOTE and NITRABOR helps to maintain an optimum root environment for high yielding crops. YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita YaraVita AGRIPOTASH BORTRAC COPTRAC HYDROMAG HYDROPHOS GLYTREL ZNP LAST-N MANTRAC SENIPHOS ZINTRAC Yara I 7 Application Competence Megalab Yara TankmixIT Scientific based reporting system offering interpretation and recommendations specific for a field based on petiole test results. Yara TankmixIT is a downloadable app that is used to check the physical compatibility of YaraVita micronutrients when mixed with many common crop pesticides. TankmixIT allows better planning of spray programs and spraying opportunities with most of the YaraVita range. Each tank mix test is carried out under controlled conditions in our product development laboratories following BS EN ISO 9001:2000 guidelines and represents an accurate assessment of the physical compatibility of each mixture made. TM Yara CheckIT TM CheckIT is an app from Yara that lets you optimize crop yield and quality through quick and easy identification of nutrient deficiencies using high resolution images. The free app offers tailored recommendations to correct deficiencies. It’s available in app stores for iPad and iPhone, Android and Windows phones. ® Of course, there are many variables that affect tank mixes under field conditions that can influence the mixability of any mixture made. Yara TankmixIT is just a guide, not a guarantee of either physical or biological compatibility. Yara I 9 Potato, Processing Crop Nutrition Program Crop Stage Nutrient(s) Urea N UAN 28% N YaraVera AMIDAS YaraLiva TROPICOTE N & Ca CN-9 N & Ca ® ® TM N&S TM Preplant Planting Muriate of potash K 100% of crop K2O need Soil applied products Tuber Bulking 25-50% of crop Ca need fertigated 100% of crop P2O5 need ® Tuber Initiation 75-85% of crop N need; 100% of crop S need; 50-75% of crop Ca need P YaraVita Vegetative growth 15-25% of crop N need fertigated MAP AND/OR 10-34-0 (0-0-60) Hilling P HYDROPHOS or SOLATREL K AGRIPOTASH or SAFE K Mg HYDROMAG Foliar applied products Fertigated products B PROCOTE B on granular fertilizer BORTRAC Zn PROCOTE Zn on granular fertilizer GLYTREL ZNP Potato, Seed Crop Nutrition Program Crop Stage Nutrient(s) Urea N UAN 28% N YaraVera AMIDAS YaraLiva TROPICOTE N & Ca CN-9 N & Ca ® ® TM N&S TM Preplant Planting Muriate of potash K 100% of crop K2O need HYDROPHOS or SOLATREL P AGRIPOTASH or SAFE K K Soil applied products Tuber Bulking 25-50% of crop Ca need fertigated 100% of crop P2O5 need ® Tuber Initiation 15-25% of crop N need fertigated P YaraVita Vegetative growth 75-85% of crop N need; 100% of crop S need; 50-75% of crop Ca need MAP AND/OR 10-34-0 (0-0-60) Hilling HYDROMAG Mg Foliar applied products Fertigated products 10 | Yara B PROCOTE B on granular fertilizer BORTRAC Zn PROCOTE Zn on granular fertilizer GLYTREL ZnP Potato, Fresh Crop Nutrition Program Crop Stage Nutrient(s) Urea N UAN 28% N YaraVera AMIDAS YaraLiva TROPICOTE N & Ca CN-9 N & Ca ® ® TM N&S TM Preplant Planting Muriate of potash K 100% of crop K2O need HYDROPHOS or SOLATREL P AGRIPOTASH or SAFE K K Soil applied products Tuber Bulking 25-50% of crop Ca need fertigated 100% of crop P2O5 need ® Tuber Initiation 15-25% of crop N need fertigated P YaraVita Vegetative growth 75-85% of crop N need; 100% of crop S need; 50-75% of crop Ca need MAP AND/OR 10-34-0 (0-0-60) Hilling HYDROMAG Mg Foliar applied products Fertigated products B PROCOTE B on granular fertilizer BORTRAC Zn PROCOTE Zn on granular fertilizer GLYTREL ZnP Specific application rates and timing based on recommendations from a qualified agronomic consultant Hydrophos and solatrel at tuber initiation will increase tuber numbers and may reduce tuber size Yara I 11 NOTES NOTES For further information contact: Yara Canada, Inc. www.yaracanada.ca