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Body Systems Vocabulary 8th Grade Skeletal System – An internal system made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue Marrow – A tissue in the center of some bones Joints – The points at which bones meet Cartilage – Strong, flexible tissue that provides cushioning at your joints Ligaments -- Strong cords of tissue that connect the bones in each joint Tendons -- Tough bands of tissue that attach your muscles to bones Muscular System – The group of structures that make your body parts move Skeletal Muscle – Muscle attached to bones that enables you to move your body Smooth Muscle – Muscle found in organs, (stomach and intestines ) and in blood vessels and glands. Cardiac Muscle – Muscle found only in the walls of your heart Circulatory System – Organs and tissues that transport essential materials to body cells and remove their waste products Cardiovascular System – Another name for circulatory system Pulmonary Circulation – The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Systemic Circulation – The flow of blood to all the body tissues except the lungs Arteries – Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body Veins – Blood vessels that carry blood from the body back to the heart Capillaries – Tiny tubes that carry blood from the arteries to the body’s cells, and then back to the veins Respiratory System – The organs that provide the body with a continuous supply of oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide Epiglottis – A flap of tissue that closes over the trachea when you swallow Larynx – The upper part of the respiratory system which contains the vocal cords Trachea – A windpipe that directs air to the lungs Bronchi – passages through which air enters the lungs Diaphragm – A dome-shaped muscle that separates the lungs from the abdomen Alveoli – Microscopic air sacs in the lungs where oxygen passes into the capillaries and into the blood Nervous System – The body control center Neurons – Specialized cells that make up the nervous system Central Nervous System (CNS) – Part of the nervous system that includes the spinal cord and brain Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Part of the nervous system that includes the nerves that connect the CNS to all parts of the body Somatic System – A system dealing with actions you control (part of the PNS) Autonomic System -- A system dealing with actions you do not usually control, ie. breathing and digestion (part of the PNS) Digestive System – An organ system that converts food to a form useful to the body Digestion – The changing of food you eat into substances the body can use Saliva – Fluid produced by the salivary glands that softens and moistens food Small Intestine – A coiled, tubelike organ that is about 20 feet long that absorbs digested nutrients Liver – A large gland that has many digestive functions. It produces bile, a substance that aids in the digestion of fats Gallbladder – A small saclike organ that stores bile and releases it as needed Pancreas – An organ that produces enzymes that assist in digestion Excretory System – A system that removes wastes from the body Excretion – is the process of removing wastes from the body Colon – The large intestine Kidneys – Organs that filter water and dissolves wastes from the blood and help maintain proper levels of water and salts in the body Endocrine System – A chemical communication system that regulates many body functions Gland – A group of cells, or an organ, that secretes a chemical substance Pituitary Gland – A gland signaling other endocrine glands to produce hormones when needed Reproductive System – The organs that make possible the production of offspring Sperm – The male reproductive cells Egg cell – The female reproductive cells Ovulation -- The release of one mature egg cell each month Menstruation – The flow of the uterine lining out of the body Menstrual Cycle – The sequence of events in the reproductive system that occurs from one menstruation to another Menopause – A period marking the end of a female’s reproductive years