Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ Study Guide for Period 7C: 1929-1945 Great Depression & New Deal PETs & Notes Key Concept During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. Causes of the Great Depression 1. Oct 1929 Stock Market Crash 2. Overproduction & under consumption 3. Unequal distribution of income 4. Farming problems 5. Unstable banking system 6. Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 Brought about by over-speculation and manipulation. Some argue that it was the immediate cause of the Great Depression but no direct connection has been proven. It resulted in a loss of confidence in the stock market, a “run” on the banks (many people had purchased stock on “margin” or credit and could not repay their loans), a decline in investment capital and a decline in manufactured goods. Companies produced more consumer goods than consumer had the money or credit to purchase. This had a domino effect as companies were forced to lay off workers which further reduced total income and the demand for products. Thousands of companies went bankrupt and by 1932 unemployment reached 25%. 5% of the population received 30% of the nation’s income. Half of the population lived below the poverty level. They were potential consumers but lacked the resources. The decline in farm prosperity during the 1920s contributed to the Great Depression. To make matters worse, poor farming practices and a drought in the Midwest turned many areas into a Dust Bowl. By 1932, 25% of famers had lost their farms. 1% of the banks controlled 46% of all banking resources. Mismanagement and over speculation resulted 22% of the nation’s banks failing by 1932. Depositors in those banks lost all of their money. To protect American companies, Congress passed the highest tariffs ever. 23 nations retaliated by imposing tariffs on U.S. exports. As a result, international trade came to a virtual standstill. Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression 7. Herbert Hoover 8. Bonus Army 9. Hoover’s economic policies 10. Reconstruction Finance Corporation Hoover was elected president in 1928 and took office in March 1929. While his administration did not cause the Great Depression, he was in office when it happened so the public blamed him. 1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to eject veterans. Hoover believed that economic recovery depended primarily on the business community. Consequently, he favored loans to businesses and state and local governments. He emphasized the role of private charities in providing relief to the unemployed. Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. It prevented the failure of basic firms on which many other elements of the economy depended, but was criticized by some as relief for the rich. 1 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 11. 1932 Election 12. 1932 Inaugural Address 13. New Deal 14. Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933 15. "Brain Trust" 16. Fireside chats 17. First Hundred Days 18. First New Deal 19. Second New Deal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget. “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.” FDR’s program to deal with the Great Depression. The program consisted of the 3 “R’s:” relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was the short term goal of providing temporary help for the unemployed; recovery was intended to get the economy going again; reform was intended to provide a foundation that would play a permanent role in the nation’s economy. March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks since only banks that were solvent could re-open. FDR selected experts for his "inner circle" rather than the typical politicians or businessmen. He also selected the first woman to serve in a president’s cabinet: Frances Perkins who was Secretary of Labor. FDR was an excellent communicator and used “fireside” chats on the radio to communicate with the American public. March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days. All of the following were addressed during this period: Restoring public confidence in the banking system Creating new jobs in the public sector to reduce unemployment Raising farm prices by restricting agricultural production Providing mortgage support for homeowners Creating the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model project to provide cheap electricity, prevent floods, and serve as an experiment for regional planning. The programs passed in 1933-34 are called the “First New Deal.” While these provided some relief, they were ineffective in stopping the Depression, FDR later proposed a new series of programs. This refers to a series of programs proposed by FDR in the spring of 1935. These tended to be more in the reform category. The most far-reaching was the Social Security Act. New Deal Politics 20. Liberty League 21. Huey Long, Share the Wealth, Gerald K. Smith 22. Father Charles Coughlin 23. Dr. Francis Townsend 24. New Deal Coalition Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and opposed the New Deal as “socialistic.” The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society. Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audience of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency and anti-Semitism. Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. The following groups were part of the Democratic Coalition that supported FDR in his 1936 reelection: White Southerners, African Americans, Ethnic minorities, and union members. The big change was the African Americans who previously had supported Republican candidates. 2 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ 25. The New Deal and African Americans 26. AFL-CIO split 27. Schechter vs. US (1935) ("sick chicken" case) 28. Court-packing plan While FDR did not directly confront racial segregation and injustice, the New Deal programs helped Black Americans survive some of the worst hardships of the Great Depression. The American Federation of Labor split apart at its 1935 convention. The majority, which remained the AFL, favored the organization of workers according to their skills and trades. The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), led by John L. Lewis, favored the organization of workers in a particular industry. Court ruled the NRA as unconstitutional. Congress could not "delegate legislative authority" to the executive branch or to code-makers in industry. Congressional control of interstate commerce could not apply to local Brooklyn poultry business of the Schechter brothers. Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. It would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress and hurt FDR’s image as he seemed to be challenging the principle of “checks and balances.” Interestingly, the court began siding with FDR on later court decisions. American Society during the New Deal 29. Hoovervilles 30. Mass migration Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression. The name was intended as an insult to President Hoover. During the 1930’s, the Great Depression led to a mass migration of Americans looking for work. 31. “Okies” As a result of the Dust Bowl, 350,000 Midwest farmers migrated to Southern California. 32. John Steinbeck His novel, The Grapes of Wrath, educated the public on the crisis of the Dust Bowl refugees. 33. Positive Impact of the New Deal 34. Criticism of the New Deal The New Deal is regarded as a program of reform rather than revolution. (Some believe it saved capitalism) It marked a new direction for the federal government as it demonstrated a willingness to use the government to enhance social welfare It was partially successful in reducing unemployment and reviving the economy. It led to the emergence of the Democratic Party as the majority party. Many New Deal reforms are still important today: Social Security, labor laws, TVA, FDIC, FHA, minimum wage and maximum hours. The New Deal failed to cure the Great Depression: unemployment rate never went below 16% Bureaucracy mushroomed: with hundreds of thousands of employees, it became the largest business in the country. States power faded further: more central control from the federal government National debt doubled from 1932 to 1939 (20 billion to 40 billion) due to deficit spending U.S. becoming a "handout" state, undermining old virtues of thrift and initiative. Business accused the New Deal of fomenting class conflict while laborers and farmers were pampered. Critics claimed New Deal was a "planned economy" and "creeping socialism" that overly interfered in the private sector. FDR criticized for attempting to change the Supreme Court More farm surpluses under Roosevelt than under Hoover. The New Deal didn't cure the depression, the Second World War did. 3 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ Major New Deal Programs Act or Program Acronym Year Enacted Significance Civilian Conservation Corps CCC 1933 Sent 250,000 young men to work camps to perform reforestation and conservation tasks. Removed surplus of workers from cities, provided healthy conditions for boys, provided money for families. Agricultural Adjustment Act AAA 1933 Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion. Civil Works Administration CWA 1933 Provided public works jobs at $15/week to four million workers in 1934. Public Works Administration PWA 1933 Received $3.3 billion appropriation from Congress for public works projects. Federal Emergency Relief Act FERA 1933 Distributed millions of dollars of direct aid to unemployed workers. Glass-Steagall Act FDIC 1933 Created federally insured bank deposits ($2500 per investor at first) to prevent bank failures. National Industrial Recovery Act NRA 1933 Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers. Later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court Tennessee Valley Authority TVA 1933 Federal government built a series of dams to prevent flooding and sell electricity. First public competition with private power industries Securities and Exchange Commission SEC 1934 Regulated stock market and restricted margin buying. National Youth Administration NYA 1935 Provided part-time employment to more than two million college and high school students. Rural Electrification Administration REA 1935 Encouraged farmers to join cooperatives to bring electricity to farms. Despite its efforts, by 1940 only 40% of American farms were electrified. 1935 Response to critics (Dr. Townsend and Huey Long), it provided pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children. Social Security Act Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Board) NLRB 1935 “Magna Carta” of labor unions. Allowed workers to join unions and outlawed union-busting tactics by management. Works Progress Administration WPA 1935 Employed 8.5 million workers in construction and other jobs, but more importantly provided work in arts, theater, and literary projects. 4 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ World War II PETs & Notes Key concept U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership. American Responses to the Growing Threat of War 35. Isolationism 36. Joseph Stalin 37. Benito Mussolini 38. Hirohito 39. Tojo (Hideki) 40. Adolf Hitler, Nazism 41. Washington Naval Conference, 19211922 42. Japan seizes Manchuria, 1931 43. Stimson Doctrine, 1932 44. Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 45. Nye Committee (1934-1936) The doctrine that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affairs of other nations (“entangling alliances”). The United States practiced a policy of isolationism until World War I. After the rejection of membership in the League of Nations, the U.S. attempted to return to isolationism, but the growing strength of the Axis Powers and the eventual attack on Pearl Harbor brought U.S. isolationism to an end. He became the communist leader of the Soviet Union in 1924 and crushed all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death in 1953. He was a U.S. ally during WWII in the fight against Germany but was our chief adversary during the early Cold War period. Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. He wanted to recreate the Roman Empire. Mussolini invaded conquered Ethiopia in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on. Emperor of Japan from 1926 through 1989. When Emperor Hirohito ascended to the throne in 1926, Japan was enveloped in a struggle between liberals and leftists on one side, and ultraconservatives on the other. Between 1928 and 1932, Japan faced domestic crisis. Economic collapse associated with the Great Depression provoked spiraling prices, unemployment, falling exports and social unrest. In 1932, the military took power and the idea of the ‘Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere’ emerged. In reality, it was an agenda of Japanese imperial domination in the Far East. Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and leading advocate of Japanese military conquest during World War II. German fascist dictator. He was leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis. Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute dictator. In defiance of the Versailles Treaty, Hitler rebuilt his army and moved troops into the demilitarized Rhineland on March 7, 1936. His defiance was met with inaction, by the Allied Powers. On March 12, 1938 the Germans annexed Austria. First International conference held in Washington, D.C. and the first arms control conference in history. The objective of this Conference was to reduce the naval arms race and to come up with security agreements in the Pacific area. 1931, as control slipped away from the civilian government, the Japanese army acted independently to invade Manchuria. Though the League of Nations condemned the action, it was powerless to intervene, and Japan promptly withdrew its membership. International isolation fed ultra-nationalism. The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, announced in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. Named after Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State in the Hoover Administration (1929–33), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern. Based upon the principles of the Good Neighbor Policy, FDR’s administration formally renounced the right to intervene in Latin America. During WWII, the U.S. sought greater cooperation with the nations of Latin America, primarily to develop a common front against fascism. Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars. His committee studied the causes of WWI and blamed the war on munitions companies (“merchants of death”). 5 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ 46. Neutrality Acts, 1935, 1936, 1937 47. Japan attacks China, 1937 48. Quarantine Speech 49. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), Franco 50. Munich Conference, appeasement, Neville Chamberlain 51. Non-aggression pact between Germany and U.S.S.R. 52. Invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg 53. "Cash and carry" revision of neutrality (1939) 54. Axis Powers 55. Fall of France 56. "Lend lease" March 1941 57. Atlantic Charter (August 1941) The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were an expression of a U.S. commitment to isolationism. The United States Government enacted a series of laws designed to prevent the United States from being embroiled in a foreign war by clearly stating the terms of U.S. neutrality. In 1937 skirmishing between Japanese and Chinese troops on the frontier sparked a fullblown conflict. The Japanese quickly captured all key Chinese ports and industrial centers, including cities such as Nanking and Shanghai. Massacres and atrocities were common. The most infamous came after the fall of Nanking in December 1937, when Japanese troops slaughtered an estimated 300,000 civilians and raped 80,000 women. FDR delivered a speech in Chicago in the autumn of 1937 that called for "positive endeavors" against the aggressions of Italy and Japan, something along the lines of economic embargoes. But faced with an uproar of isolationist protest, the ever politically conscious Roosevelt backed down from his interventionist beliefs. Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen. Francisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government. This started a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler). 1938 - Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitants were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war. August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. It granted Western Poland to Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact. September, 1939 - Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany. This marks the beginning of World War II in Europe. Stated that warring nations wishing to trade with the U.S. would have to pay cash and carry the goods away in their own ships. It benefitted the Allies, since German ships could not reach the U.S. due to the Allied blockades. A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The countries were thereafter referred to as the Axis Powers. Summer, 1941 - Germany invaded France and set up the Vichy government, which lasted until the Allies invaded in 1944. Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease any article of defense equipment to any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies (Great Britain and the Soviet Union) without technically becoming a co-belligerent. This was a blueprint for the world after the war that was drawn up by FDR and Winston Churchill (the new Prime Minister of Great Britain). It served as a foundation for the later establishment of the United Nations, setting forth several principle - the renunciation of all aggression, right to self-government, access to raw materials, freedom from want and fear, freedom of the seas, and disarmament of aggressor nations The Attack on Pearl Harbor, War Strategy, and Key Battles 58. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 (“a date that will live in infamy”) - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor. Japan acted in response to a series of embargoes declared on Japanese-bound supplies (gasoline and other raw materials) by FDR. As a result of the attack, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany & entered WWII. 6 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ 59. “Germany First” strategy 60. North African & Italian Campaigns 61. D-Day (Normandy Invasion) 62. Battle of the Bulge 63. Holocaust 64. US Liberation of Concentration Camps U.S. policy of first defeating Germany and then turning to a full-scale attack on Japan. Initially unpopular, it prevailed as the U.S. could not allow Hitler to defeat Great Britain and the Soviet Union and establish an unconquerable Fortress Europe. Following the advice of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the U.S. first invaded North Africa. After defeating German forces, the Allied troops crossed the Mediterranean and attacked the “soft underbelly” of Sicily and Italy in 1943. George Patton’s Third Army played a key role in these campaigns. June 6, 1944 - Led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of retaking France. The was the turning point of World War II in Europe as it marked the beginning of the liberation of Europe. (Think “Saving Private Ryan”) December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. This refers to the attempted genocide of the Jews in WWII by the Nazis. Hitler called his plan the “Final Solution.” The Nazis built large concentration camps across Europe. About six million Jew – two-thirds of those living in Europe – were killed. Another six million people died in the concentration camps, including gypsies, Slavs, political prisoners, elderly, mentally-disabled, and others. American army units were the first to liberate concentration camps throughout German territory which shed light on the true horror of Nazi brutality; half starved, dehydrated, disease-ridden prisoners 65. Death of FDR President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, five months after his fourth election to the presidency. He was succeeded in office by his Vice-President, Harry Truman. 66. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day -Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945 67. Bataan Death March, 1942 Following the U.S. and Filipino forces surrendering to Japanese forces, the prisoners were forced to undertake a 60-mile march through the jungle; prisoners faced starvation, disease, exposure to the sun and no water. About 5,000 of the Americans, almost half, died along the way; some were bayoneted, shot, beheaded, or just left to die This was the turning point in the Pacific war. Victory made possible because the Allies broke the Japanese code. Japan no longer had any hopes of attacking US mainland. 68. Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942) 69. Island Hopping 70. Iwo Jima (February 1945) 71. Hiroshima, Nagasaki 72. V-J Day (Victory in Japan) Strategy devised by Admiral Chester Nimitz. It sought to neutralize Japanese island strongholds with air and sea power and then move on. The campaign began in 1943 and eventually pushed Japanese forces all the way back to Japan. This battle produced some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign during WWII. The battle was immortalized by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag on top of Mount Suribachi by five Marines and one Navy Corpsman. First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. On August 14, 1945, the American people received the news that Japan had surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Powers in World War II. September 2, 1945 marked Japan's formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay. Coming several months after the surrender of Nazi Germany, Japan's capitulation brought World War II to a long-awaited end. Significant People 73. Omar Bradley U.S. general who led the U.S. 1st Army during the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). 7 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ 74. Dwight Eisenhower 75. Douglas MacArthur 76. Chester Nimitz 77. George Marshall 78. George Patton 79. Tuskegee Airmen U.S. general in Europe during World War II. He was in charge of the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). U.S. general in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean. When he was ordered by FDR to leave the Philippines as it was falling to the Japanese, he vowed “I shall return.” And he did. Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II. He devised the island-hopping strategy. Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during World War II. He oversaw all military operations in the War in Europe. After the war, he was responsible for the Marshall Plan which rebuilt Europe. He commanded corps and armies in North Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of Operations. Near the end of the Sicilian campaign he jeopardized his career by slapping a soldier recuperating from battle fatigue. An African American fighter group in the Air Corps, mainly provided escorts for pilots on bombing missions. 80. Flying Tigers Volunteer American flyers supplying China with war materials. 81. Navajo Code Talkers The Navajo Indians were utilized to create an undecipherable military code during WWI due to the languages extreme complexity. 82. Vernon J. Baker One of the first African –American soldiers to see combat in WWII. Baker is credited with a number of courageous acts, eventually being awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor by President Clinton. 83. Diplomacy and the Big Three 84. The Big Three 85. Yalta Conference 86. Potsdam Conference 87. San Francisco Conference and U.N. Charter 88. Nuremberg trials The Big Three were Roosevelt (US), Churchill (Great Britain), and Stalin (Soviet Union). They held a series of meetings to plan the war and the post-war period. They demanded the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan. February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula. July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman (FDR had died), Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the United Nations Charter. 19 out of 22 German civil and military leaders were found guilty of "war crimes." 12 were sentenced to death, 3 to life sentences and the rest to five to twenty year sentences. Wartime Mobilization of the Economy 89. Impact of military spending 90. Office of Price Administration (OPA) 91. US Office of War Information (1942) 92. Military Mobilization (Draft) Military spending revived the U.S. economy. As American industry prepared for war, unemployment plummeted and the U.S. finally emerged from the Great Depression. Government agency which successful combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs for consumer goods such as gasoline, sugar, and coffee during World War II. The primary focus of the federal government during the war was control of the content and imagery of war messages; responsible for the production of pro-Allied, anti-Axis propaganda in an effort to make Americans aware of how they could help in the war effort Selective Service registration expanded to men 18-65 after Pearl Harbor. Period of enlistment extended to 6 months after fighting. 8 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ Women and Minorities 93. Women in the Army 216,000 women enlisted as WAC's (Women's Army Corp), WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAF's (Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron). Their roles in the military included: (1) medical & technical support, (2) flying military equipment to war zones, and (3) cryptography decoding. 94. Women and the Workplace “Rosie the Riveter” was a nickname given during WWII to American women who did industrial work in the 1940s. The war mobilization caused a significant number of married women into the workforce. 95. African Americans in the military 96. March on Washington Movement (1941) Nearly a million African Americans served in segregated units. While they were usually limited to non-combat support roles, the famous “Tuskegee Airmen,” an all-black bomber unit, flew 1,600 combat missions during the war. A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a Black March on Washington in 1941 if three conditions were not meet: equal access to defense jobs, desegregation of the armed forces, and an end to segregation in federal agencies. Even though FDR only met the first demand, Randolph cancelled the march. In response to the demands of A. Philip Randolph and the threat to march on Washington, FDR issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941 establishing a commission to investigate racial discrimination in hiring in defense industries. During the war, African Americans rallied behind the slogan “Double-V” which stood for victory over dictators abroad and over racism at home. The U.S. and the Mexican government instituted the Bracero program. Thousands of impoverished Mexicans, unable to find work in their native country, abandoned their rural communities and headed north to work as farm workers. Young Mexican-Americans became frequent objects of violent attacks in LA. Sailors roamed streets beating “zooters,” tearing their clothes, and cutting their hair. Radio reports blamed “zooters” but a city committee under Earl Warren revealed the truth and the need for better housing. 97. Fair Employment Practices Committee 98. Double-V 99. Bracero Program (1942) 100. Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles (1943) Civil Liberties and Civil Rights During Wartime 101. Japanese relocation, internment camps The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese livings in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S. No act of sabotage was ever proven against any JapaneseAmerican. While conditions in the camps were harsh, most Japanese-American remained loyal to the U.S. and 17,600 Nisei (American-born Japanese-Americans) fought for the US in the European theatre. The camps were closed in 1946. In 1990, Congress authorized the payment of $20,000 to each surviving internee. 102. Korematsu v. United States The Supreme Court ruling in this case upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity. 103. Internment of GermanAmericans and Italian-Americans German resident aliens were also interned; roughly 2,000 German alien residents were forcibly sent back to Germany; Germans were also sent from Latin America to the United States to be used in prisoner exchanges with Germany. A small number of Italian resident aliens were also interned. The United States and the End of the War 104. Manhattan Project Prompted by a letter from Albert Einstein to FDR, this was a secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. In 1945 the U.S. was the only country to possess atomic bombs. 9 Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___ 105. Truman’s Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb Truman’s decision has since been the subject of controversy since it resulted in thousands of civilian deaths. Reasons advanced for his decision include: Continuing to use conventional weapons would result in the loss of thousands of American lives. Using the atomic bomb would persuade the Japanese to surrender. Ending the war against Japan as quickly as possible would prevent Soviet intervention (see Yalta Conference above) which might result in Soviet territorial gains. It would convince the Soviet Union of the need to be more cooperative in formulating its postwar plans. 10