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Study Guide for Period 7C: 1929-1945
Great Depression & New Deal PETs & Notes
Key Concept
During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of
the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals
and ideas of modern American liberalism.
Causes of the Great Depression
1.
Oct 1929 Stock
Market Crash
2.
Overproduction &
under consumption
3.
Unequal
distribution of
income
4.
Farming problems
5.
Unstable banking
system
6.
Hawley-Smoot
Tariff of 1930
Brought about by over-speculation and manipulation. Some argue that it was the
immediate cause of the Great Depression but no direct connection has been proven. It
resulted in a loss of confidence in the stock market, a “run” on the banks (many people
had purchased stock on “margin” or credit and could not repay their loans), a decline in
investment capital and a decline in manufactured goods.
Companies produced more consumer goods than consumer had the money or credit to
purchase. This had a domino effect as companies were forced to lay off workers which
further reduced total income and the demand for products. Thousands of companies went
bankrupt and by 1932 unemployment reached 25%.
5% of the population received 30% of the nation’s income. Half of the population lived
below the poverty level. They were potential consumers but lacked the resources.
The decline in farm prosperity during the 1920s contributed to the Great Depression. To
make matters worse, poor farming practices and a drought in the Midwest turned many
areas into a Dust Bowl. By 1932, 25% of famers had lost their farms.
1% of the banks controlled 46% of all banking resources. Mismanagement and over
speculation resulted 22% of the nation’s banks failing by 1932. Depositors in those banks
lost all of their money.
To protect American companies, Congress passed the highest tariffs ever. 23 nations
retaliated by imposing tariffs on U.S. exports. As a result, international trade came to a
virtual standstill.
Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
7.
Herbert Hoover
8.
Bonus Army
9.
Hoover’s economic
policies
10. Reconstruction
Finance
Corporation
Hoover was elected president in 1928 and took office in March 1929. While his
administration did not cause the Great Depression, he was in office when it happened so
the public blamed him.
1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure
Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill
authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans
marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to eject veterans.
Hoover believed that economic recovery depended primarily on the business community.
Consequently, he favored loans to businesses and state and local governments. He
emphasized the role of private charities in providing relief to the unemployed.
Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was
intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the
Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. It prevented the
failure of basic firms on which many other elements of the economy depended, but was
criticized by some as relief for the rich.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
11. 1932 Election
12. 1932 Inaugural
Address
13. New Deal
14. Emergency
Banking Relief
Act, 1933
15. "Brain Trust"
16. Fireside chats
17. First Hundred
Days
18. First New Deal
19. Second New Deal
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running
for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced
budget.
“We have nothing to fear but fear itself.”
FDR’s program to deal with the Great Depression. The program consisted of the 3 “R’s:”
relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was the short term goal of providing temporary help
for the unemployed; recovery was intended to get the economy going again; reform was
intended to provide a foundation that would play a permanent role in the nation’s
economy.
March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had
too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The
Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public
confidence in the banks since only banks that were solvent could re-open.
FDR selected experts for his "inner circle" rather than the typical politicians or
businessmen. He also selected the first woman to serve in a president’s cabinet: Frances
Perkins who was Secretary of Labor.
FDR was an excellent communicator and used “fireside” chats on the radio to
communicate with the American public.
March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review
recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It
actually lasted only 99 days. All of the following were addressed during this period:
 Restoring public confidence in the banking system
 Creating new jobs in the public sector to reduce unemployment
 Raising farm prices by restricting agricultural production
 Providing mortgage support for homeowners
 Creating the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model project to provide cheap
electricity, prevent floods, and serve as an experiment for regional planning.
The programs passed in 1933-34 are called the “First New Deal.” While these provided
some relief, they were ineffective in stopping the Depression, FDR later proposed a new
series of programs.
This refers to a series of programs proposed by FDR in the spring of 1935. These tended
to be more in the reform category. The most far-reaching was the Social Security Act.
New Deal Politics
20. Liberty League
21. Huey Long, Share
the Wealth,
Gerald K. Smith
22. Father Charles
Coughlin
23. Dr. Francis
Townsend
24. New Deal
Coalition
Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and opposed the New Deal
as “socialistic.”
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana.
He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual
incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith
lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.
Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but
turned to politics and finance and attracted an audience of millions from many faiths.
Promoted inflationary currency and anti-Semitism.
Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person
over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It
required that the money be spent within the month.
The following groups were part of the Democratic Coalition that supported FDR in his
1936 reelection: White Southerners, African Americans, Ethnic minorities, and union
members. The big change was the African Americans who previously had supported
Republican candidates.
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25. The New Deal
and African
Americans
26. AFL-CIO split
27. Schechter vs. US
(1935) ("sick
chicken" case)
28. Court-packing
plan
While FDR did not directly confront racial segregation and injustice, the New Deal
programs helped Black Americans survive some of the worst hardships of the Great
Depression.
The American Federation of Labor split apart at its 1935 convention. The majority, which
remained the AFL, favored the organization of workers according to their skills and
trades. The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), led by John L. Lewis, favored the
organization of workers in a particular industry.
Court ruled the NRA as unconstitutional. Congress could not "delegate legislative
authority" to the executive branch or to code-makers in industry. Congressional control of
interstate commerce could not apply to local Brooklyn poultry business of the Schechter
brothers.
Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to
curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new
federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were
over the age limit. It would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving
FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed
by Congress and hurt FDR’s image as he seemed to be challenging the principle of
“checks and balances.” Interestingly, the court began siding with FDR on later court
decisions.
American Society during the New Deal
29. Hoovervilles
30. Mass migration
Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression. The
name was intended as an insult to President Hoover.
During the 1930’s, the Great Depression led to a mass migration of Americans looking for
work.
31. “Okies”
As a result of the Dust Bowl, 350,000 Midwest farmers migrated to Southern California.
32. John Steinbeck
His novel, The Grapes of Wrath, educated the public on the crisis of the Dust Bowl
refugees.
33. Positive Impact of
the New Deal





34. Criticism of the
New Deal










The New Deal is regarded as a program of reform rather than revolution. (Some
believe it saved capitalism)
It marked a new direction for the federal government as it demonstrated a willingness
to use the government to enhance social welfare
It was partially successful in reducing unemployment and reviving the economy.
It led to the emergence of the Democratic Party as the majority party.
Many New Deal reforms are still important today: Social Security, labor laws, TVA,
FDIC, FHA, minimum wage and maximum hours.
The New Deal failed to cure the Great Depression: unemployment rate never went
below 16%
Bureaucracy mushroomed: with hundreds of thousands of employees, it became the
largest business in the country.
States power faded further: more central control from the federal government
National debt doubled from 1932 to 1939 (20 billion to 40 billion) due to deficit
spending
U.S. becoming a "handout" state, undermining old virtues of thrift and initiative.
Business accused the New Deal of fomenting class conflict while laborers and
farmers were pampered.
Critics claimed New Deal was a "planned economy" and "creeping socialism" that
overly interfered in the private sector.
FDR criticized for attempting to change the Supreme Court
More farm surpluses under Roosevelt than under Hoover.
The New Deal didn't cure the depression, the Second World War did.
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Major New Deal Programs
Act or Program
Acronym
Year
Enacted
Significance
Civilian
Conservation Corps
CCC
1933
Sent 250,000 young men to work camps to perform reforestation and
conservation tasks. Removed surplus of workers from cities,
provided healthy conditions for boys, provided money for families.
Agricultural
Adjustment Act
AAA
1933
Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to
reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of
preventing soil erosion.
Civil Works
Administration
CWA
1933
Provided public works jobs at $15/week to four million workers in
1934.
Public Works
Administration
PWA
1933
Received $3.3 billion appropriation from Congress for public works
projects.
Federal Emergency
Relief Act
FERA
1933
Distributed millions of dollars of direct aid to unemployed workers.
Glass-Steagall Act
FDIC
1933
Created federally insured bank deposits ($2500 per investor at first)
to prevent bank failures.
National Industrial
Recovery Act
NRA
1933
Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages,
and to permit collective bargaining of workers. Later declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Tennessee Valley
Authority
TVA
1933
Federal government built a series of dams to prevent flooding and
sell electricity. First public competition with private power industries
Securities and
Exchange
Commission
SEC
1934
Regulated stock market and restricted margin buying.
National Youth
Administration
NYA
1935
Provided part-time employment to more than two million college and
high school students.
Rural Electrification
Administration
REA
1935
Encouraged farmers to join cooperatives to bring electricity to farms.
Despite its efforts, by 1940 only 40% of American farms were
electrified.
1935
Response to critics (Dr. Townsend and Huey Long), it provided
pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to blind, deaf, disabled,
and dependent children.
Social Security Act
Wagner Act
(National Labor
Relations Board)
NLRB
1935
“Magna Carta” of labor unions. Allowed workers to join unions and
outlawed union-busting tactics by management.
Works Progress
Administration
WPA
1935
Employed 8.5 million workers in construction and other jobs, but
more importantly provided work in arts, theater, and literary projects.
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World War II PETs & Notes
Key concept
U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United
States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and
military leadership.
American Responses to the Growing Threat of War
35. Isolationism
36. Joseph Stalin
37. Benito Mussolini
38. Hirohito
39. Tojo (Hideki)
40. Adolf Hitler,
Nazism
41. Washington Naval
Conference, 19211922
42. Japan seizes
Manchuria, 1931
43. Stimson Doctrine,
1932
44. Good Neighbor
Policy, 1933
45. Nye Committee
(1934-1936)
The doctrine that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affairs of other nations
(“entangling alliances”). The United States practiced a policy of isolationism until World
War I. After the rejection of membership in the League of Nations, the U.S. attempted to
return to isolationism, but the growing strength of the Axis Powers and the eventual
attack on Pearl Harbor brought U.S. isolationism to an end.
He became the communist leader of the Soviet Union in 1924 and crushed all opposition
and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death in 1953. He was a U.S.
ally during WWII in the fight against Germany but was our chief adversary during the
early Cold War period.
Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. He wanted to recreate the Roman Empire.
Mussolini invaded conquered Ethiopia in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any
effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on.
Emperor of Japan from 1926 through 1989. When Emperor Hirohito ascended to the
throne in 1926, Japan was enveloped in a struggle between liberals and leftists on one
side, and ultraconservatives on the other. Between 1928 and 1932, Japan faced domestic
crisis. Economic collapse associated with the Great Depression provoked spiraling
prices, unemployment, falling exports and social unrest. In 1932, the military took power
and the idea of the ‘Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere’ emerged. In reality, it was
an agenda of Japanese imperial domination in the Far East.
Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and leading advocate of Japanese military conquest
during World War II.
German fascist dictator. He was leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis.
Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute
dictator. In defiance of the Versailles Treaty, Hitler rebuilt his army and moved troops
into the demilitarized Rhineland on March 7, 1936. His defiance was met with inaction,
by the Allied Powers. On March 12, 1938 the Germans annexed Austria.
First International conference held in Washington, D.C. and the first arms control
conference in history. The objective of this Conference was to reduce the naval arms race
and to come up with security agreements in the Pacific area.
1931, as control slipped away from the civilian government, the Japanese army acted
independently to invade Manchuria. Though the League of Nations condemned the
action, it was powerless to intervene, and Japan promptly withdrew its membership.
International isolation fed ultra-nationalism.
The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, announced in
a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international
territorial changes that were executed by force. Named after Henry L. Stimson, United
States Secretary of State in the Hoover Administration (1929–33), the policy followed
Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern.
Based upon the principles of the Good Neighbor Policy, FDR’s administration formally
renounced the right to intervene in Latin America. During WWII, the U.S. sought
greater cooperation with the nations of Latin America, primarily to develop a common
front against fascism.
Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars. His
committee studied the causes of WWI and blamed the war on munitions companies
(“merchants of death”).
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46. Neutrality Acts,
1935, 1936, 1937
47. Japan attacks
China, 1937
48. Quarantine Speech
49. Spanish Civil War
(1936-1939),
Franco
50. Munich
Conference,
appeasement,
Neville
Chamberlain
51. Non-aggression
pact between
Germany and
U.S.S.R.
52. Invasion of Poland,
Blitzkrieg
53. "Cash and carry"
revision of
neutrality (1939)
54. Axis Powers
55. Fall of France
56. "Lend lease"
March 1941
57. Atlantic Charter
(August 1941)
The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were an expression of a U.S. commitment to
isolationism. The United States Government enacted a series of laws designed to prevent
the United States from being embroiled in a foreign war by clearly stating the terms of
U.S. neutrality.
In 1937 skirmishing between Japanese and Chinese troops on the frontier sparked a fullblown conflict. The Japanese quickly captured all key Chinese ports and industrial
centers, including cities such as Nanking and Shanghai. Massacres and atrocities were
common. The most infamous came after the fall of Nanking in December 1937, when
Japanese troops slaughtered an estimated 300,000 civilians and raped 80,000 women.
FDR delivered a speech in Chicago in the autumn of 1937 that called for "positive
endeavors" against the aggressions of Italy and Japan, something along the lines of
economic embargoes. But faced with an uproar of isolationist protest, the ever politically
conscious Roosevelt backed down from his interventionist beliefs.
Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen.
Francisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist
government. This started a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by
Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).
1938 - Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose
inhabitants were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and
Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British
Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany
would prevent war.
August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed
Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against
Russia. It granted Western Poland to Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact.
September, 1939 - Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The
invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany. This marks the
beginning of World War II in Europe.
Stated that warring nations wishing to trade with the U.S. would have to pay cash and
carry the goods away in their own ships. It benefitted the Allies, since German ships
could not reach the U.S. due to the Allied blockades.
A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was
called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The countries were thereafter referred to as the
Axis Powers.
Summer, 1941 - Germany invaded France and set up the Vichy government, which lasted
until the Allies invaded in 1944.
Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease any article of defense equipment to
any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the
U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies (Great Britain and the Soviet Union)
without technically becoming a co-belligerent.
This was a blueprint for the world after the war that was drawn up by FDR and Winston
Churchill (the new Prime Minister of Great Britain). It served as a foundation for the
later establishment of the United Nations, setting forth several principle - the
renunciation of all aggression, right to self-government, access to raw materials, freedom
from want and fear, freedom of the seas, and disarmament of aggressor nations
The Attack on Pearl Harbor, War Strategy, and Key Battles
58. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 (“a date that will live in infamy”) - Surprise attack by the Japanese on
the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor. Japan acted in response to a series
of embargoes declared on Japanese-bound supplies (gasoline and other raw materials) by
FDR. As a result of the attack, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany & entered
WWII.
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59. “Germany First”
strategy
60. North African &
Italian Campaigns
61. D-Day (Normandy
Invasion)
62. Battle of the Bulge
63. Holocaust
64. US Liberation of
Concentration
Camps
U.S. policy of first defeating Germany and then turning to a full-scale attack on Japan.
Initially unpopular, it prevailed as the U.S. could not allow Hitler to defeat Great Britain
and the Soviet Union and establish an unconquerable Fortress Europe.
Following the advice of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the U.S. first invaded
North Africa. After defeating German forces, the Allied troops crossed the
Mediterranean and attacked the “soft underbelly” of Sicily and Italy in 1943. George
Patton’s Third Army played a key role in these campaigns.
June 6, 1944 - Led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest
invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of retaking France. The was the turning point of World War II in Europe as it marked the
beginning of the liberation of Europe. (Think “Saving Private Ryan”)
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became
stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive
counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the
Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the
Rhine with heavy losses.
This refers to the attempted genocide of the Jews in WWII by the Nazis. Hitler called his
plan the “Final Solution.” The Nazis built large concentration camps across Europe.
About six million Jew – two-thirds of those living in Europe – were killed. Another six
million people died in the concentration camps, including gypsies, Slavs, political
prisoners, elderly, mentally-disabled, and others.
American army units were the first to liberate concentration camps throughout German
territory which shed light on the true horror of Nazi brutality; half starved, dehydrated,
disease-ridden prisoners
65. Death of FDR
President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, five months after his fourth election to the
presidency. He was succeeded in office by his Vice-President, Harry Truman.
66. V-E Day
Victory in Europe Day -Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945
67. Bataan Death
March, 1942
Following the U.S. and Filipino forces surrendering to Japanese forces, the prisoners
were forced to undertake a 60-mile march through the jungle; prisoners faced starvation,
disease, exposure to the sun and no water. About 5,000 of the Americans, almost half,
died along the way; some were bayoneted, shot, beheaded, or just left to die
This was the turning point in the Pacific war. Victory made possible because the Allies
broke the Japanese code. Japan no longer had any hopes of attacking US mainland.
68. Battle of Midway
(June 4-7, 1942)
69. Island Hopping
70. Iwo Jima (February
1945)
71. Hiroshima,
Nagasaki
72. V-J Day (Victory
in Japan)
Strategy devised by Admiral Chester Nimitz. It sought to neutralize Japanese island
strongholds with air and sea power and then move on. The campaign began in 1943 and
eventually pushed Japanese forces all the way back to Japan.
This battle produced some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign during WWII.
The battle was immortalized by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag
on top of Mount Suribachi by five Marines and one Navy Corpsman.
First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused
to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6,
1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945.
On August 14, 1945, the American people received the news that Japan had surrendered
unconditionally to the Allied Powers in World War II. September 2, 1945 marked
Japan's formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay. Coming
several months after the surrender of Nazi Germany, Japan's capitulation brought World
War II to a long-awaited end.
Significant People
73. Omar Bradley
U.S. general who led the U.S. 1st Army during the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day).
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74. Dwight
Eisenhower
75. Douglas
MacArthur
76. Chester Nimitz
77. George Marshall
78. George Patton
79. Tuskegee Airmen
U.S. general in Europe during World War II. He was in charge of the Invasion of
Normandy (D-Day).
U.S. general in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean. When he was ordered by
FDR to leave the Philippines as it was falling to the Japanese, he vowed “I shall return.”
And he did.
Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces
during World War II. He devised the island-hopping strategy.
Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during World War II. He oversaw all military operations
in the War in Europe. After the war, he was responsible for the Marshall Plan which
rebuilt Europe.
He commanded corps and armies in North Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of
Operations. Near the end of the Sicilian campaign he jeopardized his career by slapping a
soldier recuperating from battle fatigue.
An African American fighter group in the Air Corps, mainly provided escorts for pilots
on bombing missions.
80. Flying Tigers
Volunteer American flyers supplying China with war materials.
81. Navajo Code
Talkers
The Navajo Indians were utilized to create an undecipherable military code during WWI
due to the languages extreme complexity.
82. Vernon J. Baker
One of the first African –American soldiers to see combat in WWII. Baker is credited
with a number of courageous acts, eventually being awarded the Congressional Medal of
Honor by President Clinton.
83. Diplomacy and the Big Three
84. The Big Three
85. Yalta Conference
86. Potsdam
Conference
87. San Francisco
Conference and
U.N. Charter
88. Nuremberg trials
The Big Three were Roosevelt (US), Churchill (Great Britain), and Stalin (Soviet Union).
They held a series of meetings to plan the war and the post-war period. They demanded
the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan.
February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans,
arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United
Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide
Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created
for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril
Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman (FDR had died), Stalin and Churchill met in
Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to
surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences
and adopted the United Nations Charter.
19 out of 22 German civil and military leaders were found guilty of "war crimes." 12 were
sentenced to death, 3 to life sentences and the rest to five to twenty year sentences.
Wartime Mobilization of the Economy
89. Impact of military
spending
90. Office of Price
Administration
(OPA)
91. US Office of War
Information
(1942)
92. Military
Mobilization
(Draft)
Military spending revived the U.S. economy. As American industry prepared for war,
unemployment plummeted and the U.S. finally emerged from the Great Depression.
Government agency which successful combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on
commodities and introducing rationing programs for consumer goods such as gasoline,
sugar, and coffee during World War II.
The primary focus of the federal government during the war was control of the content
and imagery of war messages; responsible for the production of pro-Allied, anti-Axis
propaganda in an effort to make Americans aware of how they could help in the war effort
Selective Service registration expanded to men 18-65 after Pearl Harbor. Period of
enlistment extended to 6 months after fighting.
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Women and Minorities
93. Women in the
Army
216,000 women enlisted as WAC's (Women's Army Corp), WAVES (Women Appointed
for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAF's (Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron).
Their roles in the military included: (1) medical & technical support, (2) flying military
equipment to war zones, and (3) cryptography decoding.
94. Women and the
Workplace
“Rosie the Riveter” was a nickname given during WWII to American women who did
industrial work in the 1940s. The war mobilization caused a significant number of married
women into the workforce.
95. African
Americans in the
military
96. March on
Washington
Movement (1941)
Nearly a million African Americans served in segregated units. While they were usually
limited to non-combat support roles, the famous “Tuskegee Airmen,” an all-black bomber
unit, flew 1,600 combat missions during the war.
A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a
Black March on Washington in 1941 if three conditions were not meet: equal access to
defense jobs, desegregation of the armed forces, and an end to segregation in federal
agencies. Even though FDR only met the first demand, Randolph cancelled the march.
In response to the demands of A. Philip Randolph and the threat to march on Washington,
FDR issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941 establishing a commission to investigate racial
discrimination in hiring in defense industries.
During the war, African Americans rallied behind the slogan “Double-V” which stood for
victory over dictators abroad and over racism at home.
The U.S. and the Mexican government instituted the Bracero program. Thousands of
impoverished Mexicans, unable to find work in their native country, abandoned their rural
communities and headed north to work as farm workers.
Young Mexican-Americans became frequent objects of violent attacks in LA. Sailors
roamed streets beating “zooters,” tearing their clothes, and cutting their hair. Radio
reports blamed “zooters” but a city committee under Earl Warren revealed the truth and
the need for better housing.
97. Fair Employment
Practices
Committee
98. Double-V
99. Bracero Program
(1942)
100. Zoot Suit Riots in
Los Angeles
(1943)
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights During Wartime
101. Japanese
relocation,
internment camps
The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese livings in the U.S.
were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and
people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in
the interior of the U.S. No act of sabotage was ever proven against any JapaneseAmerican. While conditions in the camps were harsh, most Japanese-American remained
loyal to the U.S. and 17,600 Nisei (American-born Japanese-Americans) fought for the US
in the European theatre. The camps were closed in 1946. In 1990, Congress authorized
the payment of $20,000 to each surviving internee.
102. Korematsu v.
United States
The Supreme Court ruling in this case upheld the constitutionality of the internment of
Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity.
103. Internment of
GermanAmericans and
Italian-Americans
German resident aliens were also interned; roughly 2,000 German alien residents were
forcibly sent back to Germany; Germans were also sent from Latin America to the United
States to be used in prisoner exchanges with Germany. A small number of Italian resident
aliens were also interned.
The United States and the End of the War
104. Manhattan Project
Prompted by a letter from Albert Einstein to FDR, this was a secret U.S. project for the
construction of the atomic bomb. In 1945 the U.S. was the only country to possess atomic
bombs.
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Name: _______________________________________________ Period: ___
105. Truman’s
Decision to Use
the Atomic Bomb
Truman’s decision has since been the subject of controversy since it resulted in thousands
of civilian deaths. Reasons advanced for his decision include:
Continuing to use conventional weapons would result in the loss of thousands of
American lives.
Using the atomic bomb would persuade the Japanese to surrender.
Ending the war against Japan as quickly as possible would prevent Soviet intervention
(see Yalta Conference above) which might result in Soviet territorial gains.
It would convince the Soviet Union of the need to be more cooperative in formulating its
postwar plans.
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