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1/28/2016 Essential Question What was Reconstruction and how did it change South Carolina’s society, economy, and government? CHAPTER 6 The Second Civil War Q1: Why can tenant farming and sharecropping be called a form of economic slavery? Q2: How did Republicans in Congress extend Reconstruction past when President Johnson thought it had ended? The Challenge of Freedom and Restoring the Union 1 1/28/2016 Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan -to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” Excerpt from Lincoln’s second Inaugural Address Lincoln’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Full pardons ((amnesty amnesty)) for all Southerners amnesty except highhigh-ranking Confederate officials Readmission to Union, only if… if 10% of people who voted in 1860 pledge loyalty to the United States Former Confederate states support emancipation Limited suffrage for former slaves A Difference of Opinion Radical Republicans, ans, a small, but loud group of Republicans, disagreed with Lincoln’s plan. They wanted to punish the South, so they proposed that— that 50% of Southerners take loyalty oath Former Confederate leaders be stripped of any political power Former slaves be granted full civil rights Lincoln vetoed the proposed 2 1/28/2016 The President v. Congress The disagreement between Lincoln and Radicals in his party caused a stalemate between the president and Congress. Before their differences could be resolved, Lincoln was assassinated. Lincoln’s vice president, Andrew Johnson, became president and inherited the stalemate. Johnson’s relations with Congress would grow steadily worse. Johnson’s Plan President Johnson kept most of Lincoln’s ideas but also required states to— to Declare secession illegal Ratify the 13th Amendment He also demanded that wealthy planters and highhigh-ranking Confederates ask him personally for forgiveness WarWar-torn South Carolina The war devastated the South, especially South Carolina. The state’s wealth had been consumed by the war. 400,000 African Americans were suddenly free. 3 1/28/2016 Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to protect and help former slaves (called freedmen) and poor whites. Bureau agents fed the poor, created schools for black children, protected freedmen from hostile whites, and provided medical care. By December 1865, all former Confederate states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union. Johnson considered Reconstruction complete. Southern states held elections and rebuilt their state governments. Many former Confederates regained power. Congressional Reconstruction Republicans in Congress took steps to protect freedpeople and grant them civil rights. a bill to extend the life of Freedmen’s Bureau. the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Johnson vetoed both measures; Congress overrode the president’s veto. Congress then passed the 14th Amendment. 4 1/28/2016 States Pass Harsh Black Codes Southern states passed black codes to help restore order to the South. Similar to the old slave codes, these laws applied only to African Americans and severely restricted their freedom. South Carolina and Mississippi had some of the harshest black codes of all the Southern states. Fears of Race War Many Southerners viewed Bureau agents with suspicion and even hatred. Many white people lived “in a dreadful state of apprehension and insurrection.” Picture: Freedmen’s Bureau keeping the peace between blacks and whites (191) A New System of Labor The end of slavery meant that plantation owners had to find a new system of labor. Tenant Farming Freedmen and poor whites rented a plot of land and a house from a white landowner. Tenant farmers chose what crops they grew and used the income from selling crops to pay rent and other bills. bills. 5 1/28/2016 Sharecropping Sharecroppers lived on land and in a house owned by a white landowner. Landowners decided what to grow. At harvest time, the landowner kept most of the crop, but gave a share to sharecroppers to sell on their own. An Endless Cycle of Debt Tenant farmers and sharecroppers often lived in constant debt. Crop liens were a form of credit where tenants, sharecroppers, and even landowners used crops to pay for supplies. How did this system result in an unending cycle of debt for many? Congress Reacts Republicans in Congress refused to seat former Confederates when they returned to Washington, DC. Reconstruction was far from complete … Radical Republicans were ready to challenge the president. 6 1/28/2016 Republicans Gain Control of Congress President Johnson toured the country in 1866 to support Democrats running for Congress. He also urged states not to ratify the 14th Amendment. His actions helped Republicans win a landslide victory in elections that year. Republicans now had a “veto“veto-proof” majority in Congress and would take full control of Reconstruction. Military Reconstruction Republicans in Congress restarted Reconstruction. The South was divided into five military districts. Each district placed under martial law. law. Union troops were stationed in the South to prevent violence and protect freedmen. Southern states faced strict requirements for readmission. Congress Impeaches President Johnson What does it mean to impeach a president, or any government official? What legal reason did Congress give for impeaching Johnson? What was the real reason behind his impeachment? 7 1/28/2016 South Carolina’s 1868 Constitution States needed to revise their constitutions to be readmitted to the Union. Democrats boycotted South Carolina’s constitutional convention. Changes were made to South Carolina’s constitution that changed the state. 8