Download Quizlet-CGAD - Mater Academy Lakes High School

What is a theory?
A set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to
explain phenomena(a fact or behavior that can be observed)
How do you create a positive environment for children in your care?
*Ensure learning centers have ample space for movement.
*Reduce the number of transitions throughout the day.
*Ensure the environment feels safe for the child.
*Provide activities that are slightly challenging to the child.
*Provide activities to increase development without causing frustration.
Abraham Maslow developed what?
The hierarchy of human needs
How many levels does Maslow's hierarchy have?
What are the 5 levels of Maslows hierarchy?
Five
Level 1-Physical
Level 2-Comfort and Saftey
Level 3- Social
Level 4-Self-esteem
Level 5-Self-Actualizing
What are examples of a Physical need? *Air to breathe
*Shelter to protect
*Water to drink
*Food to eat
*Clothes to wear
*Health care
What are examples of Comfort and Saftey?
*Safety
*Security
*Stability
*Transportation
*Safe relationships
*Child care
What are some examples of Self-Esteem?
*Confidence
*Adequacy
*Importance
*Sense of efficiency,capability,resilency,hopefulness
*Ability to cope and problem solve
What are some examples of Self-Actualizing?
*Fulfill one's life purpose and meaning
*Being all that one is able to be
*Spirituality
*Personal emotional response
*Refinement of interpersonal skills
What does the heirarchy of needs mean to you as a child care professional?
met first,when not met,the child's self worth suffers.
*Basic needs must be
*Neglect can occur at all levels,not just basic needs.All needs are important.
*Child care professionals need to be aware of the family circumstances to understand what needs are
beig met at home.
What are some hints that will help you remember Maslows's theory?
bottom, it will form triangles or pyramids.
*If you close the "M" at the
*Maslow studies human needs.
*What motivates children to act the way they do? Needs being met.
Do the lower levels of needs have to be met before higher needs can be accomplished? Yes
Successfully meeting the needs at each level results in what?
meaning.
Fulfilling one's life with purpose and
Erik Erikson developed what? He developed eight pyschosocial stages through which humans develop
throughout their entire lifetime. It is called the Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development.
How is Erik Erikson recognized? As a development pyschologist who can be compared to Sigmund Freud
because of his theory that humans develop in stages.
What are each of Erikson's stages called?
Conflicts
Moving successfully through each of Erikson's stages results in what?
life.
A strong social and emotional
What is the first conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented at? Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth
to 1 year)
What is the second conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented? Autonomy vs. Shame
and Doubt (1 to 3 years)
What is the third conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?
5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to
What is the fourth conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented? Industry vs. Inferiority
(6 to 12 years)
Why don't we study Erikson's Conflicts 5-8?
They are important in the study of human
development,but they are less significant in child development,because Erikson believes that they occur
after the age of 12.
What is the meaning of Trust vs. Conflict
with a consistent,comforting environment.
*Trust is developed over time by providing an infant
*When needs are met,trust is established.
*Trust builds a emotional foundation.
*A lack of trust can result in proor emotional stability.
What is the meaning of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
*Toddlers need to explore their own
bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves.
*When autonomy is allowed a person can become comfortable with his/her choices.
*A lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or insecurity.
What is the meaning of Initiative vs. Guilt?
within one's environment.
*When initiative is encourged,a person experiments
*4 or 5 year olds begin to develop an interest in exploring beyond themselves.
*Children who can't explore will be prone to guilt for their actions.
*A lack of industry can result in a feeling of low self worth.
What does Erikson's theory mean to a child care professional? It means they can:
*Create relationships with children based on trust.
*Allow children to exercise autonomy whenever safe and practical.
*Guide children to initiate activity or portions of activities whenever safe and practical.
*Promote the building of your children's creativity during activities.
What are some hints to help you remember Erikson's theory?
*E. Erikson contains 8 letters---8 stages
*E.E.= two "E's" playing together---social behaviors
*Focus on emotional and personality development.
*Major conflict at each stage and how they are dealt with affect development.
How can you resolve conflicts and create a resilient social and emotional life?
autonomy, initiative, and industry.
By encouraging trust,
What is Jean Piaget's theory called?
The Four Stages of Cognitive Development
What is Jean Piaget most known for?
His work on the psychology of intelligence.
What was Jean Piaget interested in?
the world.
Learning how children develop an intellectual understanding of
What was Jean Piaget's theory based on?
The concept of cognitive structures. These structures
are patterns of physical or mental action that underlie acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of
child development.
What does Piaget assume about humans?
it,then react to it.
They take the information that they recieve and process
According to Piaget,children develop the ability to learn in how many basic stages?
In each of Jean Piaget's stages what does development focus on?
related characteristics and abilities.
What are the Four Stages of Cognitive Development?
4
Acquiring a diffrent set of
1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2- Preoperational (2-7 years)
3-Concrete-operational (7-11 years)
4-Formal Operations (11+ years)
What are the signs of sensorimotor?
*Explore their world through senses and motor skills.
*Understand the world by physically manipulating objects.
*Trial and error problem solving
*Object permanence child does not know that physical objects remain in existence when out of sight.
What are signs of preoperational?
world through their actions.
*Preschoolers and early school-age children learn about their
*Uses symbols to mentally represent objects.
*Increase development of language and concepts.
*Reasoning may be illogical and not sequential.
*Egocentric thought processes
What are signs of concrete-operational?*Older school-age children learn about their world by applying
logic.
*Deal with changes and process
*Are able to make relationships about why things happen.
*Understand how things relate to one another
What are signs of formal operations?
constructing and solving problems.
*Early high-school schildren learn about their world through
*Begin to think about thinking
*Think in abstract terms
*Make educated guesses
How does knowledge of Jean Piaget's four stages help you the child care provider?
you understand how babies and children may percieve their envirnment.
The stages help
When you plan developmentally appropriate learning activities what is important to keep in mind?
A child's stage of cognitive development
What does Piaget's theory help you understand?
Why children make thinking "mistakes"
What are two primary instructional techniques that are based on Piaget's theory?
learning and supporting the developing interests of children.
Discovery
Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete experiences such as? *Use of manipulative
field trips and working in groups to help them learn
What did Lev Vygotsky develop?
He developed the social development theory of learning
What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?
learning and behavior.
That social and cultural interaction are the primary sources of
What were some of Vygotsky's major theory ideas?
*Children acquire knowledge through culture.
*Children learn through problem solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable abult or peer.
*A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboartion that could not be achieved
alone. Vygotsky called this the zone of proximal and claimed that learning occured in this zone.
What is scaffolding?
An instrumental technique where a person interacting with the child assumes
more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns,the responsibility is gradually transferred
to him.
How can child care professionals use the information from vygotsky's theory?
within in their range of ability
*Give them things
*Pair children up
Where must Learning environments be developed?
Where children play an active role in their own
education as well as the educatiom of their peers. The adult collaborates with children in order to create
meaing in ways that childrencan make their own.
What does the culture that surrounds children and their social interaction lead to?
by-step changes in their learning and behavior.
What factors influence child's growth and development?
principals of child growth and development.
Continous step-
...This course will teach you the basic
What are the developmental domains? ...you will learn how these principles affect children's learning.
Define Growth A is specific body changes and increases in the child's size,such as height,weight,head
circumference and body mass index.
Define Development An increase in complexity,a change from relatively simple to more
complicated.Usually involves a progression along a continous pathway on which the child acquires more
refined knowledge,behaviors, and skills.
body
We define growth as specific ____ changes and increases in the child's size.
During the first year of an infants life,babies grow how much in length and weight?
grow_10__inches in length and triple their birth weight.
They can
After the first year a baby's growth slows down to how many inches a year?
They grow _5_ inches a
year for the next 2 years and continues from age 2 or 3 to puberty at a rate of two to three inches each
year.
When do girls enter puberty?
Between _8_ to _13_ years of age
When do boys usually enter puberty?
How does growth proceed?
_10_ to _15_ years of age
From the head downward and from the center of the body outward.
Children gain control of what first followed by their arms and legs
Head and neck
At birth what three part's of the body are fully functioning inorder to support the infant?
brain,heart,and spinal cord
The
As children grow which two muscles must develop first before the finger and toe muscles do?
arm and leg muscles
The
Do children differ in growth? Yes, some children are taller,some shorter. Some children are
smaller,while others are larger.
How is normal growth supported?
By good nutrition,adequate sleep,and regular exercise.
Do children grow at a steady rate throughout their childhood? No
Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth followed by what?
How can you help children understand their differences in growth?
of growth and showing them what's alike.
Growth spurts
Show pictures of various stages
If you detect that a child is self-conscious about her size,how would you help her work on increasing her
self acceptance?
Show them that being diffrent is what makes us unique and special.
If you have some concern about a growth-related issue about a child,how would you approach this issue
with parents? First build relationship with parent,then share typical growth information with them.
Is the developmental sequence the same for all children?
Yes,but the rate varies
What are some examples of Principle 1-Developmental sequence is similiar for all?
develop in relatively the same ways.
*Children
*They can move forward,regressfor a short time,then move forward again.
*Some children may skip a behavior or skill as they move forward.
*While the sequence is similar and the behaviors or skills emerge in the same order children can take
more or less time each behavior or skill.
What are examples of Principle 2-Developmental proceeds from General to Specific.
progresses from a beginning point moving in a forward direction.
*Development
*Development of behaviors and skills moves from general to specific.
*As children mature their bodily changes occur in a sequential order and give children new abilities.
*As the brain and nervous system develops,a child's thinking cognitive skills and motor physical skills
improve.
*In motor development,an infant's large muscles develop first and result in the ability to wave the arms
and kick the legs.
*Development continues in the smaller muscles in the fingers and toes and results in the abilityof the
fingers to grasp objects and the toes to help with balance when standing and walking.
What are examples of Principle 3-Development is continous
*In children who develop
normally,behaviors and skills they have already acquired become the basis for new behaviors and skills.
*There is continuity from one phase of development to the next.
*Children continue to add new behaviors and skills as they perfect their ability to walk,to write or draw
and to speak.
*In order for children to write or draw,they must have developed the control of their hands and fingers
to hold a crayon and pencil.Holding a pencil develops into writing and drawing.
*The continuation of development can easily be seen in children as they mature from age 2 to age 12.
What are examples of Principle 4-Development Proceeds at diffrent rates
diffrent,and the rates at which individual children develop are diffrent.
*Each child is
*Although the sequences for development are usually the same for all children,the rates at which
individual children reach each stage will be diffrent.
*Some children will walk at ten months while others walk at eighteen months of age.
*Development is never uniform,but it is constant.
What are examples of Principle 5- All areas of development are interrelated
children is interrelated
*Development in
*Principles 1 through 4 show how the body has to grow and develop before new behaviors and skills can
occur.They also demonstrate the first 2 of 6 areas od development,called domains.
What are the 6 Domains of Development
*Physical Health
*Motor Development
*Cognitive Development and General Knowledge
*Language and Communication
*Social and Emotional
*Approaches to Learning
What are the characteristics of Physical health and Motor Development Domains?
increased physical growth and abilities.
Involves
What are characteristics of Cognitive Development and General Knowledge and Approaches to Learning
Domain?
Thinking,planning,creating,exploring,and questioning.
What are the characteristics of Langueage and Communication Domain of Development?
child's ability to see,hear,speak,read,and write.
A
How is Social and Emotional Domain of Development defined? By forming relationships and
attachments.
How many brain cells do we get at birth and how much wiring is between them? 100 billion but their is
minimial wiring between them.
What is a Synapse?
throughout life.
A connection between two nerve cells.They are formes throughout the brain
Early on how are these new pathways? Simple,vulnerable,and grow rapidly.
Over time the brain surrounds the synapse with a kind of insulation that offers protection to the
conncections. What is the insulation called?
Myelin
How are messages between synapses sent?
Electrochemically
What chemicals are involved in conveying messages?
Serotonin,norepinephrine,epinephrine,dopamineand tryptamine
Some chemicals are specialized and indicate what?
Pleasure,pain or alarm
What determines which connections are initially formed?
What gets "wired" into the brain?
child's successful responses.
Stimulation and experience
Stimuli that are encountered early and often,as well as the
What helps determine the strength and durability of a connection?
What does the saying "use it or lose it" apply to?
Practice and Repitition
Brain development
How are a baby's early repertoire of responses exercised?
At random
Developmental Windows
Certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their
surroundings and interactions with other people.These periods of time are tied to brain developmental
milestones. For example,language skills depend on hearing other people speak.
If there is not adequate verbal stimulation in the first years of life what is negatively affected?
Language skills,especially grammar and pronunciation.
When does the window of oppurtunity for learning language skills begin to close?
old and greatly deminishes around puberty.
How is growth influenced?
Around 5 Years
By the baby's environment and experiences.
A child's heredity are genes that are passed along from the parents. What do they determine?
child's brain development
The
What affect's brain structure? Early experiences in the environment
What determines how children develop?
Their environment and experiences
What things have an affect on the development of a child's brain and their ability to socialize and grow?
*How you diaper,feed,and put to sleep.
*The way you great,and the way comfort.
*The amount of space the child had to play in,and the ambient lighting
*The songs you sing
*The toys you provide
*The meals you serve
What are some examples of how these things affect development?
If your not feeding them
properly they wont grow. Greeting allows them to feel like they belong. If they dont have a lot space
they won't develop gross motor skills.
Knowledgeable caregivers can do what? Detect indicators of possible delays,and can help get the child
the assistance he needs.
Why should child care professionals learn about principles of child development?
Care and the
environment can support or hinder development. The knowledgeable caregiver can support a child in
learning new skills. When a child is struggling with a new skill,timely intervention can help hime over
come a problem and catch-up.
How many of your interactions witha child have an affect on their development and learning?
them
All of
As a child care provider you should always do what?
Be on the lookout for signs of developmental
delays and be aware of appropriate methods of dealing with children experiencing developmental
delays.
How can you use your knowledge about the principles of child growth and development?
By
looking out for the child who is not yet showing the skills and behaviors we would expect in a certain age
range.
It is important to remember what?
To NOT diagnose children.
Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990 sent what message?
adults with disabilities are entitles to the same rights.
That children and
What does it mean when the Americans With Disabilities Act states that people with disabilities are
entitles to equal rights? It means that children with disabilities are legally entitled to equal access to
community-based child care settigs.
Is a legal mandate by itself sufficent enough to make realistic and responsive child care options available
to children with disabilities?
No
How would you address a child who is physically challenged?
to manuvre.
Leveled surface area and enough space
How would you address a child who is socially challenged(a child who had autism)
schedules,give them heads up on next transition.
How do you address a child who is shy or emotionally challenged?
How do you address a who is gifted?
Follow certain
Set them up with a buddy.
More challenging activities but dont make them mini teacher.
How do you address a child who is mentally challenged? Don't hinder them,don't make things to
difficult.
What factors have a great influence on the development of children and the decisions child care
proffesionals take in planning their learning and care? Internal and external
Why is nutirition important?
Food gives energy to get through the day and learn and grow.
Why are exercise levels important?
The keep kids healthy
Why are daily physical and learning routines important? Consistence helps them feel better.
Why are relationships with family and friends important?
belonging
They provide a sense of security and
Why is promoting social interaction important? So they can interact with others
Why are social interaction and the children with disabilities important? Helps children with and without
special needs interact in positive way.
What environmental influences are important for children's growth and development?
Nutrition,exercise levels, daily routines in physical activities and learning and relationships with
adults and other children.
What is heredity?
The passing down of genetic charecteristics from parents to their children.
How does heredity influence a child? Through the inheritance pf physical characteristics and
temperment from birth parents at the time of conception.
When does the influence of heredity exist?
before the child is conceived.The egg of the mother and
the sperm of the father carry genetic materials(genes and chromosomes) that combine to form a unique
child.
What are the blueprints for cells?
human body.
What are genes made up of?
Genes- They contain all the instructions necessary to create the
Large,complex molecules called DNA.
What is a genotype disorder? A defect existing in the genetic material from either the father or
mother and may be inherited by the child.
How many characteristics are determined through heredity factors?
are favorable.
Hundrends but not all of them
Temperment describes what? The emotional response of a child
Define temperment
A prevailing or dominant quality that characterizes a person.
Define personality
The totality of a person's attitudes, interests,behavioral patterns,emotional
responses,social roles and individual traits that endure over long periods of time.
What is heredity?
The blend of physical and temperamental charecteristics inherited by a child
from the birth parents. Inherited characteristics may have positive or negative influences on a child.
What are some facts about birth order? *Birth order affects a child by determing how he sees himself.
*Research shows that generalizations can be made as to the typical characteristics of placement.
*Firstborn children are more likely to go to college.
*Middle children seem to have the strongest feelings of neglect by parents, often feeling that they were
"squeezed out" by the other siblings.
*The youngest child may be more pampered and creative.
What are some facts about The Only Child?
feel special.
*Be the center of attention;often enjoys position.May
*Relys on service from others rather than own efforts.
*Felt more incompetent because adults are more capable.
*Feel unfairly treated when he doesn't get his own way. May refuse to cooperate.
*Play "divide and conquer" to get his own way
*Have poor peer relations as child but better relations as adult
*Please others only when he wants to.
*Be creative
What are some facts about The First Child?
very discouraged.
Develop competent,responsible behavior or become
*Sometimes strive to protect and help others accept responsibility.
*Use to being center of attention
*Believe's must have superiority
*Pressure to please
What are some facts about The Second Child? Act as if in a race,trying to catch up,or overtake first
child. If first child is "good", second may be labeled "bad."
*Be rebellious.Often doesn't like this position in the family.
*Never had parent undivided attention
*Develop abilities first that first child did not.
What are some facts about The Third Child or Middle Children? *Feel unloved,left out, "squeezed."
*Be adaptable.May learn to deal with both oldest and youngest sibiling.
*Felt less pressure
*Doesn't fit into family
*Feels like problem child
What are some facts about The Youngest Child? *Behave like an only child.May feel that everyone is
bigger and more capable.
*Remain "The Baby." If youngest of three,often alies with oldest against middle child.
*Felt smallest and weakest
*Not taken seriously
*Boss of family
A child in good health has a better opportunity to do what?
challenges than an unhealthy child.
Grow with fewer developmental
What happens when a child has a high number of illnesses,accidents,injuries,and diseases?
are more likely the child will encounter a developmental delay.
They
What is health status? A critical influence on the growth and development of a child from the pre-natal
period through each age and stage.
What factors affect the health of children?
Socio-economic status,gender, and race.
How does being healthy generally happen?
exercise,and has a healthy weight.
When a child eats well,gets a lot of physical activity and
What healthy behaviors have to be started with young children and continued through adolescence?
Sufficient rest,exhibiting appropriate emotions,behaviors and response to discipline appropriate
for the age,practicing oral hygiene and developing speech and language proficiency.
What happens when a child is healthy? His body works well,feels good,and can do all the things he
wants to do.
What are several practiceses you can use to assist with overweight children?
for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with treats.
*Don't reward children
*Don't insist that children finish all the food on their plates.
*Do provide healthy foods and drinks
*Teach the children why these foods and drinks are healthy.
*Plan activities that give children numerous opportunities to engage in physical play and exercise.
*Sharing information with parents on the healthy eating,as well as the exercise the children are
participating in while in child care,could remind them of improvements they could make at home.
What can disturb or delay normal development?
Impairment resulting from prenatal problems,
trauma during birth,accidents,illness,or disease that damages the body or mind.
What is important during the early years while rapid growth is occuringand while bones and muscles are
maturing?
A child's nutritional intake
Children may progress more slowly when they have multiple developmental challenges such as? Poor
eyesight,poor motor control and language impairment.
How can a developmental obstacle be overcome or reduced?
and the child care professional.
What is Public Law 94-142 also known as?
When was Public Law 92-142 passed?
By teamwork between the child,parents
The Inclusion Rule
In 1975, by the 94th congress
What does inclusion mean?
Including children with special need,side by side,with their nonhandicapped peers. This allows children to learn from each other.
What are some benefits to the Inclusion Rule? Including children with special needs helps speed up
development,result in fewer children being retained in later grades and improve the quality of family
relationships.
Who has an impact on a child's health status?
The child's family
What are a number of health issues that the family controls?
doctor visits and getting the necessary immunizations.
Where does parental responsibility begin?
Serving healthy meals, frequency of
With good pre-natal care
What is (FAS)? Fetal Alcohol Syndrom. It results in a variety of mental and physical defects that develop
inunborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy.
What are symptoms of FAS?
Growth,skeletal,facial,organ and central nervous system abnormalities.
Examples of Possible Physical Disabilities:
climbing stairs,crawling,riding a tricycle.
*Difficulty with large muscle motor activities such as
*Frequently walking or bumping into things.
*Shows a lack of energy
*Difficulty with activities such as building a tower of blocks.
Examples of Possible Visual Problems: *Difficulty in seeing distant things clearly.
*Holds toys or books very close to eyes
*Rubs eyes frequently
*Blinking eyes often when doing work
Examples of possible Hearing Problems: *Poor speech,omits sounds,loud voice.
*Does not understand directions.
*Does not answer when called.
*Trouble paying attention in large group activities.
*Often gives the wrong answers to the questions.
*Avoids playing with other children.
*Becomes tires early in day
Examples of Possible Speech or Language Problems:
*No speech by age two
*Does not use two or three word sentences by age three.
*Difficulty understanding after age three.
*Stutters after age five
*Has poor voice quality
*Problems understanding what is said.
Examples of Possible Learning Problems:
remember what was said.
*Unable to follow directions because they cannot
*Frequently bumping into things,knocking things over.
*Unable to see differences in size,shape and color
*Cannot remember what is seen or heard.
*Cannot tell the difference betweensounds and textures.
Examples of Possible Attention Problems:
consequences.
*Acts very quickly without thinking about
*Very short attention span
*Cannot complete task.
*Switches from one task to another.
*Easily distracted by another situation.
*Unable to return to original task.
*Excessive movement
*Constant motion even when classroom is quiet.
Developmental obstacles do what?
They vary widely but affect all development.
What is crucial to making your decisions as a child care professional?
stages and influences on a child.
Knowledge of developmental