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Transcript
AP Biology Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Checkpoints (Is all going according to plan?) . M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M MPF activity Cyclin Time Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle . Cdk Degraded cyclin G2 checkpoint Cyclin is degraded MPF Cdk Cyclin Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle . Chromosome movement Microtubule Motor protein Chromosome Kinetochore Tubulin subunits . Cells anchor to dish surface and divide (anchorage dependence). When cells have formed a complete single layer, they stop dividing (density-dependent inhibition). If some cells are scraped away, the remaining cells divide to fill the gap and then stop (density-dependent inhibition). Normal mammalian cells 25 µm . Cancer cells do not exhibit anchorage dependence or density-dependent inhibition. 25 µm Cancer cells Malignant cancer cells from the breast (See the ABNORMAL “crab” shape of the cells.) Mutations and Cancer MUTATION Growth factor Hyperactive Ras protein (product of oncogene) issues signals on its own G protein Cell cycle-stimulating pathway Receptor Protein kinases (phosphorylation cascade) NUCLEUS Transcription factor (activator) DNA Gene expression Protein that stimulates the cell cycle Cell cycle-inhibiting pathway Protein kinases MUTATION UV light DNA damage in genome Active form of p53 DNA Protein that inhibits the cell cycle Defective or missing transcription factor, such as p53, cannot activate transcription • Question: Lectins are naturally occurring plant proteins that help promote increased mitosis within plant root tips. These proteins influence the normal production of MPF within the root cells and thereby speed up the cell cycle. In no more than three sentences, state ONE similarity and TWO differences between Lectin influenced cells and cancer cells. (5 Points) • • Scoring Rubric: 1pt. Discussion of one similiarity • Possible discussion points: Increased cell cycle rate. • Cyclin production rate is altered. • 1pt. Discussion of difference number 1 • 1pt. Discussion of difference number 2
