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Download Grammar glossary KS1 - Nonsuch Primary School
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Key Stage 1 Word Adjective Definition Adjectives describe the noun. Adverb Examples: It was a delicious cake. They patted the fluffy dog. The water was freezing. Adverbs describe the verb. They sometimes end in ‘-ly’. Antonym Examples: He walked quickly. Usha soon started snoring loudly. Luckily, it didn’t rain. Two words are antonyms if they are opposites. Examples: hot – cold light – dark happy – sad Apostrophe Alert!! The antonym of ‘antonym’ is synonym! Apostrophes have two uses. 1) Showing where there are missing letters (omission or contraction) Examples: I’m hungry. They’re chasing me! 2) Showing when something belongs to somebody/something (possession) Compound, compounding Examples: Ahmed is Sofia’s brother. Have you seen Luke’s pen? The girls’ toilets are over there. A compound word contains at least two root words. Examples: Whiteboard Superman Blackbird One-eyed Conjunction Consonant Continuous Digraph Conjunctions link two words or phrases together Examples: James bought a bat and ball. Everyone watches when Kyle does back-flips. Joe can’t practise kicking because he’s injured. A consonant is any letter which isn’t a vowel! See ‘progressive’. A digraph is a grapheme where two letters represent one phoneme. Examples: Each Coat shed Sometimes the letters aren’t next to each other. This is called a split digraph. Future tense Examples: mine like Unlike lots of other languages, English doesn’t have just one future tense. We write about the future in lots of different ways. Grapheme Examples: We are going to the zoo tomorrow. (present continuous) He might come to my party. (modal verb) The train leaves at 21:00. (present simple) The museum will close in ten minutes. (will + infinitive) A letter, or letters, which make a single phoneme in a word. Homonym Examples: The phoneme /t/ is written using the same grapheme in ‘bet’, ‘ate’ and ‘ten’. The phoneme /f/ is written using different graphemes in ‘phone’ and ‘five’. Two words are homonym if they look and sound the same, but they have different meanings. Examples: Has he left yet? Yes, he went through the door on the left. Small dogs bark a lot! Trees are covered in bark. Homophone Two words are homophones if they sound the same but they have different spellings. Examples: Can you hear that? Come here! Infinitive The sun is bright today! Prince Charles is the Queen’s son. An infinitive is the ‘normal’ form of a verb, how it is written in the dictionary. Examples: Walk Swing Lurk Dive We often use infinitives 1) After ‘to’ Example: I want to walk. She doesn’t to talk when she’s working. Noun 2) After modal verbs Examples: I might go swimming. Everybody must wear a swimming hat. Nouns are people, places, things, or ideas. Examples: I’m going to school. He’s an astronaut. Nouns are either concrete (you can touch them) or abstract (you can’t touch them). Examples: The pen is on the table. Love makes the world go round. Proper nouns are names and they start with a capital letter. Example: Tom is cool! Noun phrase A noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun as its main word, all the other words in that phrase help to explain the noun. Past tense Examples: Dark red foxes are usually adults. Foxes with bushy tails are beautiful. Almost all healthy adult foxes in this area can jump. We use the past tense to talk about things that have happened in the past! Examples: Elsa went on holiday We had fish fingers for tea Phoneme Alert!! We also use the past tense to: Say what we wish for I wish I had £1 million! Be very polite. I was hoping I could give my homework in late. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound which has a meaning. Examples: Cat has three phonemes: c + a + t Can has three phonemes: c + a + n So the phonemes t and n are very important here because they can change the meaning of the whole word! Phrase Alert!! A phoneme can be made up of one, two, three or four letters (look at digraph and trigraph). When we write a phoneme down, we call it a grapheme. A phrase is a group of words that are grammatically connected and work together to explain a single word. There can be different types of phrases. Examples: Noun phrase: Dark red foxes are usually adults. Prepositional phrase: She waved to her mother. Plural A plural noun is a noun which describes two or more people, places or things. A plural noun normally has the suffix ‘s’ or ‘es’. Examples: dog = dogs house = houses box = boxes Alert!! An irregular noun can have any type of ending (or morphology). Examples: child = children mouse = mice sky = skies Possessive Using a possessive is all about showing that something/somebody belongs to or is connected to something/somebody else. There are different ways to show possession. Noun + apostrophe Examples: Marnie’s jumper, Charlotte’s trousers. Possessive pronoun Examples: His trainers, Their PE kits Possessive adjective Examples: That water bottle is mine. That rubber belongs to her. Preposition Prepositions tell you where or when something something else. is in relation to Examples: Peter went into the room before Rachel. He looked inside the box. Go through the red door. Present tense Alert!! Prepositions are usually followed by a noun. We normally use the present tense to talk about the present, or regular habits. Examples: Everybody is in assembly now. Mario goes swimming every week. School starts at 8.55am. Alert!! We can also use the present to talk about future plans. Examples: I am going to the dentist tomorrow. Progressive It’s going to rain this afternoon. The progressive (or ‘continuous’) form of a verb normally describes things that are happening now. Examples: I am talking to you! Look! That man is dancing like a robot. Alert!! We can also use the progressive (or ‘continuous’) to talk about something that was happening in the past! Examples: Michael was singing in the shower. It had been raining all morning. Pronoun Pronouns are used to replace the noun, to avoid repetition. Examples: Simon broke it. = He broke it. John’s mother is over there. = His mother is over there. The visit will be an overnight visit. = This will be an overnight visit. Punctuation Anything written which isn’t the spelling or grammar! Examples: . , ? ! “ ” – : ; ( ) ‘ ’ Prefix Root word Alert!! Capital letters, spaces between words, apostrophes, bullet points and paragraphs are all a part of punctuation. A prefix changes the meaning of words by adding letters to the beginning of the word. Examples: Un + fortunate = Unfortunate Dis + comfort = Discomfort Words are made up of root words, which can stand alone, and prefixes and suffixes, which can’t stand alone. Prefixes and suffixes have to be attached to a root word. Examples: Root word = help. unhelpful, helpless Root word = care Careful, caring Root word = use Disused, usefully. Sentence Alert!! Knowing a root word is really helpful when you are using a dictionary. If you want to know how to spell ‘disused’, try looking up the root word ‘use’ and ‘disused’ should be next to it! A sentence is a group of words which are grammatically connected to each other but not to any words outside the sentence. There are different types of sentences: Standard English Stress Statement. You are my friend. Question. Are you my friend? Instruction. Be my friend! Exclamation. You’re such a great friend! Alert!! A sentence may be one clause, or several clauses! Standard English is the English we want you to use in school! Standard English is the grammatically correct English which is used by Englishspeaking people all over the world, in any accent. Standard English can be any register, but it is always grammatically accurate. Examples: I wrote it. NOT I writ it. I’ve done my homework. NOT I done my homework. That’s the Reception kid who keeps following me. NOT That’s the Reception kid what keeps following me. A syllable is stressed if we say it with more force than the other syllables in the word. Examples: sandwich Important independent Suffix Syllable A suffix changes the meaning of words by adding letters to ending of the word. Examples: Hope + ful = Hopeful A syllable sounds like a beat in a word. Every word contains one or more syllables. Every syllable contains a vowel. Examples: chip (1 syllable) Synonym sausage (2 syllables) hamburger (3 syllables) macaroni (4 syllables) Alert!! Put your hand under your chin. Every time you say a new syllable, your jaw moves! Two words are synonyms if they have the same meaning, or similar meanings. Examples: talk = speak old = elderly child = kid terrible = atrocious Tense Alert!! The opposite of a synonym is an antonym. Verbs can be either in the present or past tense. Examples: Present tense = I’m shouting. I shout out answers. Past tense = I shouted down the street. I was shouting at the TV when Chelsea scored! Trigraph Verb Vowel Word Alert!! In English, we only change our verbs into the present or the past tense, in other languages – like French, Spanish and Italian – they have 3 or more verb tenses! A trigraph is a type of grapheme where three letters represent one word. Examples: High Pure Patch hedge Verbs are ‘doing’ or ‘being’ words. Examples: Alex talked to the teacher. Kelly ran 100 metres. They are so excited for the party! The vowels in English are A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y. A vowel is a speech sound which you make straight from your voice box. A word is a unit of grammar. It can be said or written on its own, or moved around in a sentence, but the letters inside a word can’t be split up. When we are writing, we show a word is fixed together by leaving a space between each word. Example: My handwriting is better than the teacher’s! Not: Myhandwritingisbetterthantheteacher’s! Word class A word class describes the way a word can be used. We use word classes a lot when we are talking about grammar and most of them are explained in this glossary! Some of the major word classes are: Noun: alien, lunchbox, phone, thought Verb: wiggle, think, creep, sing Adjective: tiny, chilly, ferocious, sublime Adverb: suddenly, quickly, hurriedly, fast Preposition: in, at, on, under Pronoun: he, she, we, it Word family A word family is words that are related to each other but look slightly different (like our families!). Word families are connected by morphology. Examples: teach – teacher – teaching – teaches – taught extend – extent – extending – extensive – extended grammar – grammatical – grammarian Created by Miss Ballantine & Miss Evans from the 2014 English National Curriculum.