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United States Presidents
United States Presidents George Washington 1789­ ­1797 • Commander in Chief of Continental Army • Set precedents­ two terms, cabinet two terms, cabinet • Strengthen new government­ use of force in Strengthen new government Whiskey Rebellion • Kept peace through Proclamation of Neutrality and Jay Treaty • Farewell Address­ set policy of isolationism set policy of isolationism
John Adams 1791­ ­1801 • 1 st vice­president; 2 nd president • Undeclared war with France [XYZ Affair] • Alien and Sedition Acts­ attempted to Alien and Sedition Acts eliminate opposition to Federalist Party eliminate opposition to Federalist Party­ made Adams unpopular made Adams unpopular
Thomas Jefferson 1801­ ­1809 • Wrote Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence • Favored limited, decentralized government • Louisiana Purchase­ sent Lewis and Clark sent Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana Territory • Embargo Act of 1807­ resulted in hurt U.S.
Embargo Act of 1807 trade James Monroe 1817­ ­1825 • Purchased Florida (1819) • Monroe Doctrine (1823)­
Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. foreign policy in Western hemisphere • Era of Good Feelings (1815­1830)­ Era of Good Feelings (1815 time of peace, growing nationalism and internal improvements
peace, growing nationalism and internal improvements (roads and canals) Andrew Jackson 1829­ ­1837 • Hero of Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812) • Democracy expanding [convention system] • Expands presidential power [spoils system] • Closes Bank of the United States • Fights against nullification act • Forced removal of Native Americans [Trail
Forced removal of Native Americans [Trail of Tears] James Polk 1845­ ­1849 • Supporter of Manifest Destiny • Oregon Country (1846) • Mexican­American War (1846 American War (1846­1848) • Mexican Cession (1848)
Mexican Cession (1848) Abraham Lincoln 1861­ ­1865 • Opposed spread of slavery into territories • 1 st Republican president • President during Civil War­ President during Civil War expanded president’s power during wartime • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction
Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction Andrew Johnson 1865­ ­1869 • Became president after Lincoln’s assassination • Disagreed with Congress (Radical Republicans) over Reconstruction • Impeached by the House of Representatives, but not removed from Representatives, but not removed from
office by Senate Theodore Roosevelt 1901­ ­1909 • Domestic program­ Square Deal Square Deal • Progressive president­ Progressive president “Trustbuster”, conservationist, Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act • Roosevelt Corollary [Big Stick Policy]­ Roosevelt Corollary [Big Stick Policy] U.S. would act as police force in Latin America • Gentlemen’s Agreement
Gentlemen’s Agreement • Panama Canal Woodrow Wilson 1913­ ­1921 • Progressive president­ New Freedom­ Progressive president enforcement of antitrust laws • World War I (1917­1918) 1918)­ U.S.entered because of Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare • Fourteen Points­ included freedom of seas, self­ included freedom of seas, self determination • League of Nations­ Senate refused to sign Treaty of Versailles and join the League Versailles and join the League
Herbert Hoover 1929­ ­1933 • Oct. 29, 1929­ Stock Market Crash Stock Market Crash • Depression begins­Tried to restore confidence in economy, but did not believe government should become directly involved in economy • Bonus Army­ 1932, WWI veterans gathered in DC and Hoover sent in army to disperse veterans • Took steps to use power of federal government, but lost to FDR in election government, but lost to FDR in election
Franklin D Roosevelt 1933­ ­1945 • New Deal – AAA, WPA, CCC – FDIC, Social Security Act, Minimum Wage • Supreme Court­ tried to increase # of justices • Good Neighbor Policy • Internment of Japanese Americans
Internment of Japanese Americans Harry Truman 1945­ ­1953 • Atomic Bombs­ end of World War II (1945) • Cold War begins • Truman Doctrine­ policy of containment policy of containment • Marshall Plan­ plan to rebuild Europe • Domestic policy­ Fair Deal Fair Deal­ extend reforms of New Deal • Korean War (1950­1953) 1953)
Dwight Eisenhower 1953­ ­1961 • Domino Theory­ if one nation fall to communism, if one nation fall to communism, others will • Arms race­ build up of nuclear weapons build up of nuclear weapons • Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower Doctrine ­ pledge to help Middle East ­ resist communism • Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock, Arkansas ­ sent troops to protect African American students • Peaceful coexistence­ ­ 1955, relations between superpowers improved • Space race­ 1957 USSR launched Sputnik 1957 USSR launched Sputnik
John F Kennedy 1961­ ­1963 • New Frontier – Peace Corps – Space program • Alliance for Progress ­ improve relations with Latin America • Bay of Pigs­failed attempt to remove Castro from failed attempt to remove Castro from power • Cuban Missile Crisis­ brinksmanship ­ • Berlin­ pledge support to West Berlin after wall is built pledge support to West Berlin after wall is built
Lyndon B Johnson 1963­ ­1969 • Great Society Programs – War on Poverty – Medicare/ Medicaid – Head Start • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution­
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Lead to increased involvement in Vietnam War • Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964 ­ turning point • Voting Rights Act of 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Richard Nixon 1969­ ­1974 • Vietnam War – Vietnamization – Bombing of Cambodia; protest at Kent State – Withdrawal of troops 1973; War Powers Act • Détente with USSR and China – Recognized China – SALT agreement • Watergate Affair – United States v. Nixon; president is not above the law president is not above the law – Resignation; public distrust of government
Resignation; public distrust of government Jimmy Carter 1977­ ­1981 • Oil Crisis­ OPEC raised oil prices OPEC raised oil prices • Panama Canal Treaty
Panama Canal Treaty ­ control of canal returned to Panama in 1999 • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan­
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan U.S. supported rebels • Camp David Accords
Camp David Accords ­peace agreement between Israel and Egypt • Iranian hostage Crisis
Iranian hostage Crisis ­ failed rescue attempt
Ronald Reagan 1981­ ­1989 • Reaganomics­ supply­side economics side economics • Federal budget deficits­ Federal budget deficits cut taxes and increased military spending • Hard line against communism and Soviet Union – Renewed Détente in 1985 when Gorbachev became
Renewed Détente in 1985 when Gorbachev became leader of Soviet Union • Iran­Contra Affair Bill Clinton 1993­ ­2000 • Attempted health care and social security reform • Reduced federal deficit Reduced federal deficit
• NAFTA • Peacekeeping efforts­ ­Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti • Arab­Israeli Peace • Scandals­ Whitewater, impeachment Whitewater, impeachment
George W Bush 2001­ ­2008 • Bush v. Gore • Tax cuts­ led to increase federal deficits led to increase federal deficits • War on Terrorism­ Sept. 11 Sept. 11 th ; hunt for Bin Laden and al Qaeda • Iraq War­ WMDS; remove Saddam Hussein from WMDS; remove Saddam Hussein from power • Hurricane Katrina • No Child Left Behind
No Child Left Behind ­ education reform • Economic Crisis­ Bank bailouts
Bank bailouts