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Optical Displays Module Thomas D. Anthopoulos EXSS Group Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London October 2014 Course Description Course Description (5 ECTS) This module will offer an introduction to the field of optical displays, covering the technologies currently in use and those expected to feature in the next generation of display technologies. The module will offer a short introduction the different kinds of optical displays available, and will briefly discuss the current driving forces governing market trends. The lectures will discuss the way in which the human eye operates and how it affects the way in which we perceive optical displays. The course will then move on to cover all of the physical and technical properties associated with understanding and characterizing optical displays, such as luminous power, luminous efficiencies and understanding the 1931 CIE colour space standard etc. The lectures will cover the various technical approaches applied in the manufacture of different optical displays; the physical structure of the displays as well as their operating principles will be discussed in detail, including a summary of the main areas we need to address for future display technologies. Grading Activities Homework Presentation Middle Term Exam Final Exam Thomas D. Anthopoulos Percentage 20 10 20 50 Aim of the course Aim Investigate properties of optical display technologies: - currently in use - and those being developed Thomas D. Anthopoulos Aim of the course Aim Investigate properties of optical display technologies: - currently in use - and those being developed What you will discover How to quantitatively asses the quality of an optical display Main problems researchers need to solve for each technology Thomas D. Anthopoulos Content • Quantifying important display properties • Colourimetry and cathode ray tubes • Non-emissive displays - Liquid crystals - Electrophoretic - Electrochromic - Micromirrors • Emissive displays - Plasma, vacuum fluorescent - Field emission - Thin film electroluminescence - Inorganic LEDs • Organic LED based displays • Thin-Film Transistors and circuits Thomas D. Anthopoulos x Quantifying important display properties • Introduction - What are optical displays used for? - What drives the displays market? - What types of display are there? What are the important properties of an optical display? How can important display properties be quantified? Thomas D. Anthopoulos What are optical displays used for? Four main applications: • Computer monitors • TVs • Mobile Phones / iPads etc. • Notebook, PCs etc. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What are optical displays used for? Four main applications: • Computer monitors • TVs • Mobile Phones / iPads etc. • Notebook, PCs etc. Also: Entertainment Projection TVs Home appliances (DVD, video and Hi Fi) Games / toys Portable Watches Phones Digital cameras Camcorders E-readers PDAs Interfaces Instrument panels (cars, planes, trains) Industrial machines Medical imaging Thomas D. Anthopoulos Information Advertising Cash machines Shop and transport signs Point of sales Education Future Smart cards Wearable displays Many more….. What drives the displays market? One of largest technology markets, and growing rapidly…. Size of market: >>$100 billion Trends: • Increasing share of flat panel displays - Flat panels have the vast majority of the market • Flat panel display market dominated by LCDs • Many technologies co-exist Thomas D. Anthopoulos What drives the displays market? Why is displays market growing? • Initially: Desire to replace bulky cathode ray tubes (CRT) • Currently: Increase in number of portable devices (phones, PDA etc) with displays - Display size, weight, ruggedness and battery life • Information explosion! - Mobile internet etc Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Thomas D. Anthopoulos Liquid crystal displays How can these be improved? Thomas D. Anthopoulos X A Y Electrophoretic displays Transparent fluid + + + + ++ + + - - -- -- - Negatively charged black pigment chips Thomas D. Anthopoulos Positively charged white pigment chips Electrophoretic displays Transparent fluid + + + + ++ + + Positively charged white pigment chips Newspaper - - -- -- - Negatively charged black pigment chips Electrophoretic display with extremely low power consumption Could these really replace paper? (e-ink) Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Thomas D. Anthopoulos Electrophoretic Electrochromic Micromirror What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Plasma Thomas D. Anthopoulos Electrophoretic Electrochromic Micromirror What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Plasma Vacuum fluorescent Field emission Electrophoretic Electroluminescence Inorganic Thin film EL Thomas D. Anthopoulos Inorganic LEDs Electrochromic Micromirror Thin film electroluminescent displays Electrodes ~200 mm Electrodes (Pelikon) Thin film phosphor / ceramic laminate Can higher brightnesses be achieved? Thomas D. Anthopoulos Display, driver and power supply all thin enough to fit inside credit card! What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Plasma Vacuum fluorescent Field emission Electrophoretic Electroluminescence Inorganic Thin film EL Thomas D. Anthopoulos Inorganic LEDs Electrochromic Micromirror What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Plasma Vacuum fluorescent Field emission Electrophoretic Micromirror Electroluminescence Inorganic Thin film EL Thomas D. Anthopoulos Electrochromic Inorganic LEDs Organic Organic LEDs Organic LEDs Organic molecules or polymers H17C8 Thomas D. Anthopoulos C8H17 n Organic LEDs Organic molecules or polymers H17C8 C8H17 n Philips Wide viewing angle Flexible / wearable displays (Pioneer) What limits display efficiencies and lifetimes? Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Flat Panel Displays Emissive Non-emissive Liquid Crystal Plasma Vacuum fluorescent Field emission Electrophoretic Electrochromic Electroluminescence Inorganic Thin film EL Inorganic LEDs Organic Organic LEDs Many different types and many questions to be answered! Thomas D. Anthopoulos Micromirror