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Searching in Medieval Nordic texts OddEinarHaugen,29February2016 UniversityofBergen IMPORTANTNOTICE:Thisisabriefintroductioninthreesearchfacilitiesfor MedievalNordictexts.Pleasenotethattheinterfaceforallfacilitiesmaychange withoutannouncment,sotheseinstructionsmayturnouttobeoutdated,atleast inparts,inthenottoodistantfuture.Hopefully,itwillretainsomeuse,andifyou wouldliketoupdatetheinstructionsorsupplementthemdonothesitateto contactmeat<[email protected]>. 1. Reading texts & making morphological queries in the Menota archive TheMedievalNordicTextArchivecanbeaccessedwithoutpasswordorregistrationontheCLARINOwebsite(whichcontainsanumberofothercorpora): http://clarino.uib.no/menota Thecatalogueofthearchivelistsallavailabletexts.Theyhavebeenencodedatup tothreelevels,i.e.thefacsimile,thediplomaticandthenormalisedlevel(indicated byFacs/Dipl/Norminthetablehead),butthemajorityonlyonthediplomatic level,Dipl.Thefacsimilelevelmeansthatthetextisdisplayedveryclosetothe source,thediplomaticlevelthatitisslightlynormalised(andthuseasiertoread), andthenormalisedlevelmeansthattheorthographyhasbeenfullyregularised. Forthetimebeing,thisonlyappliestoOldIcelandicandOldNorwegiantexts. Tenofthemorethan30textsinthearchivehavebeenlemmatised,indicatedby Lemmainthetablehead,andnineofthesehavealsobeenannotatedfor grammaticalforms,Analysis.Ofthese,fivearemajorOldNorwegiantexts(AM 243bαfol,DG4–7,DG8II,Holmperg6folandHolmperg174to).Theremaining morphologicallyannotatedtextsareeitherOldIcelandicorOldSwedish. Byclickinganyfilenameinthesecondcolumnofthecatalogueyouwillbeableto readitonscreen.Ifithasbeenencodedonmorethanonelevel,youcanwatchall levelsside-by-sidesimplybyselectingtheboxesforFacs,DiplandNormbelow thetitleline. Notethatyoudonotneedtohaveanyspecificfontinstalledinordertoreadthe textsinthearchive,evenonthefacsimilelevel.ThearchiveusesaWebOpenFont Format(WOFF),meaningthatandunderlyingfont,AndronMegaCorpus,isbeing usedtodisplayallnecessarycharactersonscreen. Credit:MostoftheworkondevelopingthedisplayandsearchfacilitiesinMenota hasbeendonebyPaulMeurer,UniResearch,Bergen. 1.1 Searching for words in all files (“free text search”) ClickonQueryintherightcolumn,stayinBasicsearch,andselectShowquery expression. Inthequeryfield,writekonongrwithinthesquarebrackets:["konongr"] ThenhitRunquery–andyouwillgetalistofallthe4044occurencesofexactly thisword(inthisspecificorthography)inthearchive. NB!Donotuse“smartquotes”;itshouldbe["konongr"],not[“konongr”] Now,inthequeryfield,write["en"]["konongr"],hitRunquery,andyouwillget the44examplesofexactlythistwowordscombination. So,continuewiththequery["en"]["konongr"]["take"],hitRunquery,andyou willseethe7examplesofexactlythisthreewordscombination. Sothereareonly7examplesofthisphraseinthearchive?Unfortunatelynot. Thereare7examplesoftheexactorthographiccombinationenkonongrtake.If themanuscripthasenkonungrtakeorenkonongrtakiorenkonungrtaki, theywillnotcomeup.Inotherwords,youneedtobefamiliarwiththe orthographyofthesourcesinordertomakegoodqueries. TheresultwillbedisplayedinaKeyWordInContext(KWIC)format,andby clickingonanywordhere,adialogueboxwillpopup,andbyclikcingonShow contextinthetoplineofthis,youwillbetakentotheexactpagewheretheword islocated.[Forthetimebeing,thisonlyworksincertaintexts.] 1.2 Searching for words in annotated files Ifyouwanttoseeallexamplesofthelemmakonungryouhavetorestrictyour querytotheannotatedfiles.Forthetimebeing,themajorityoftheseareOld Norwegian,butOldIceandictextsarebeingadded,andthereareafewOld Swedishfiles,too. So,inthequeryfieldwrite:[lemma="konungr"]andhitRunquery.Theresultis nolessthan3240hits.Thislistwillincludeallformsoftheword. 2 Sincetheannotatedfileshaveinformationaboutthegrammaticalforms,youmay specifythis,ifyoulike,tonarrowdownyourquery. Sobytyping[lemma="konungr"&msa=("cN""nP")]yougetall39examplesofthe lemmakonungrincaseNominativeandnumberPlural. Fine!Butyouarenothappywiththedefiniteforms,soyounarrowdownyour searchto[lemma="konungr"&msa=("cN""nP""sI")],addingspeciesIndefiniteto thelist,andsuddenlyyouaredownto30examples. Sowhataboutanycombinationsofsáhinninthetexts,inwhateverforms?Just typethequery[lemma="sá"][lemma="hinn"],andyougetthe248examplesof thesetwolemmata(inthissequence)inalltheirvariantforms. Toomuch?Onlyinterestedinthefemininesingularnominative?Sotype [lemma="sá"&msa=("cN""nS""gF")][lemma="hinn"&msa=("cN""nS""gF")] andyougetthe48examplesofsuhin(withminororthographicvariations). Now,arethereanyformsinpreteritesubjunctiveoffara?Ifyoutypethequery [lemma="fara"&msa=("tPT""mSU""nP")]youwillgetthe6examplesofpreterite subjunctiveofthisverb,irrespectiveofperson–sinceyoudidnotspecifythis.You mighthaveadded"p1"forthe1stperson,however.Theorderofthecategories doesnotmatter–("tPT""mSU""nP""p1")isasgoodas("p1""nP""tPT""mSU"). Fromthispoint,youcanmakeyourownsearches.Twothingsareusefultoknow, however,theorthographyofthelemmata,andthegrammaticalabbreviations. 1.3 Lemma orthography IntheannotationoftheOldNorwegiantexts,theorthographyoflemmasfollow therulesoftheOldNorwegianDictionary(GammelnorskOrdboksverk).These differfromstandardOldNorseorthographyinfourmajoraspects: 1. Consonantaliisspelledi,e.g.siá,kveðia(notsjá,kveðja) 2. Nodistinctionismadebetweenoandǫ,e.g.diofullandkoma (notdjǫfullvs.koma) 3. Thediphthongeyisspelledøy,e.g.høyra(notheyra) 4. Thehisnotwrittenbeforel,norr,e.g.lutr,nakkiandringr (nothlutr,hnakki,hringr) Morethan5%ofthelemmasareaffectedbytheserules,soifyoudonotget expectedhitsonaquery,pleaseremembertochecktheserulesoncemore. 3 1.4 List of abbreviations TheabbreviationsareforthetimebeingidenticalwiththoseusedintheXML annotationoftextsinMenota. Category Features Person p1 p2 p3 Number nS nP nU Tense tPS tPT tU Mood mIN mSU mIP mU Finiteness fF fI fP fU Voice vA vR vU Gender gM gF gN gU Case cN cG cD cA Degree rP rC rS rU Definiteness sI sD sU pU cU Individual abbreviations A = accusative I = infinitive PS = present A = active IN = indicative PT = preterite c = case IP = imperative r = degree C = comparative M = masculine R = reflexive D = dative m = mood s = definiteness D = definite N = neutral S = singular F = feminine N = nominative S = superlative F = finite n = number SU = subjunctive f = finiteness P = participle t g = gender p = person U = undecided G = genitive P = plural v = tense = voice I = indefinite P = positive Notethatidenticalabbreviationsareneverusedinthesamecontext;forexampleA meansactiveintheabbreviationvA,butaccusativeintheabbreviationcA. 4 2. Morphological and syntactic queries in the PROIEL interface MenotecwasaninfrastructureprojectfundedbytheNorwegianResearchCouncil 2010–2012.Today,itispartoftheMenotanetworkandthetextsannotatedinthe projectareforthetimebeinghostedattheUniversityofOslo.See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menotec Thefourtextswhichwereannotatedmorphologicallyandsyntacticallyaspartof theMenotecprojectarenowavailableonthePROIELwebsite(andalsothrough INESS,asexplainedbelow): http://foni.uio.no:3000 ThePROIELprojectwasinitiatedbyDagT.T.HaugattheUniversityofOslo,see http://www.hf.uio.no/ifikk/english/research/projects/proiel PROIELrequiresregistrationandpassword,butthisisaverysimpleandquick process.Donotletthisprocessputyouoff! OnthePROIELwebsite,youwillbeofferednolessthan11languages(fromthe classicalandmedievalperiod),butyouwillrushdowntoOldNorse,ofcourse.In additiontothefourOldNorwegiantextsfromtheMenotecproject,therewillbe twoOldNorwegiantextsaddedaftertheMenotecproject,andanOldIcelandic one,theEddicpoems,fromanother,Icelandicproject.Theyaregroupedtogether undertheheadingofOldNorse(callednoninISO)intheusualmeaningofthis term,i.e.OldNorwegian(uptoca.1350)andOldIcelandic(uptoca.1500). Oneofthetexts,UppsDG8I,hasnotyetbeenfullyannotated,butitisexpected thatitwillhaveafullmorphologicalandsyntacticannotationbeforethesummer of2016. Beginbychoosingamanuscript,e.g.Strengleikar,andamongthechaptersofthis manuscript,selectLaustik.Afterhavingselectedapartofamanuscript,itwillbe displayedonscreen,usuallyovermorethanonepage.Laustikisashorttext,sothe wholetextwillfitononescreen. Inthetext,eachsentenceisindicatedbyasmalldigitinblue.Clickoneofthemto getaccesstothefullmorphologicalandsyntacticalannotationofthesentence. Themorphologicalannotationisdisplayedfirst.Beloweachwordfromthetext(in bold),youwillfind(a)thewordclass,(b)thegrammaticalform,and(c)thelemma ofeachword.Scrolldowntoseethesyntacticanalysisofthetext(seeill.1below). 5 Whilethemorphologicalannotationanddisplayismoreorlessself-explanatory, thesyntacticanalysisislessso.Menotecisusingdependencyanalysis,whichwas implementedforanumberofothertextsaspartofthePROIELproject. Explainedinveryfewwords,dependencyanalysisassignsasyntacticfunctionto eachwordinthesentence.Fromaconfigurationalpointofview,dependency analysisissimplerthanphrasestructureanalysis,butunlikephrasestructure analysis,eachwordisdescribedwithregardstoitsfunctioninthesentence. Furthermore,dependencyanalysisdoesnothavetodealwithwordorder (althoughthisisindexed),soitworkswellwithlanguagesofacomparativelyfree wordorder–includingoneofthemostextremecasesinOldNorse,theskaldic poems. Ill.1.Thisiswhatthemorphologicalandsyntacticalanalysisofasentencelookslike inthePROIELinterface.Fearnot–therearemorecomplexsentencesthanthisone! 6 Whattheanalysisinill.1saysisthattheverb‘er’isthePRED(ICATE)ofthe sentence,andthatishastwodependents,theSUB(JECT)‘lioð’andtheOBL(IQUE) ‘her’(statingthelocale),andthattheword‘Laustiks’isanATR(IBUTE)of‘lioð’.See theappendixonpp.15–17belowforafulllistoffunctionsinthePROIELscheme. ThereisasearchpageinthePROIELwebapplicationwhichisnotverydifferent fromtheoneintheMenotaarchive.ItcanbeaccessedfromSearchinthetop menuline. GuidelinesforthemorphologicalandsyntacticannotationofOldNorwegian (includingalargenumberofpracticalexamples)havebeenwrittenbyOddEinar HaugenandFarteinTh.Øverlandandcanbedownloadedhere,inparallelversions inNorwegian(nynorsk)andEnglish: https://bells.uib.no/bells/issue/view/157(Norwegiantext) https://bells.uib.no/bells/issue/view/158(Englishtext) Inthescreenshotbelow,wehavesearchedforthelemma“lióð”(whichinanOld Norsedictionarywouldbe“ljóð”)inthetextStrengleikar,andhavingsub(ject)as itsfunction.Inotherwords,thisisanexampleofacombinedmorphologicaland syntacticsearch,butthepossibilitiesforthelatterisratherlimited.Forthetime being,thisinterfaceisbestsuitedformorphologicalqueries,asistheMenota interfaceexplainedabove. Ill.2.ThesearchinterfaceinthePROIELwebapplication 7 Doyouthinkitistoomuchofaninvestmenttolearnthebasicsofdependency analysis?Maybenot.OnthePROIELsite,inadditiontowonderfulOldNorwegian texts,thewholecorpusoftheEddicpoems–oneofthemostimportantOldNorse texts–isavailableinahigh-qualityannotation.WhataboutGothic?Itisallthere. 3. Morphological and syntactic queries via the INESS portal TheINESSprojectisanotherinfrastructureprojectfundedbytheNorwegian ResearchCouncil(2010–2016).ItisheadedbyVictoriaRosénattheUniversityof Bergen.MuchoftheworkondevelopingtheportalhasbeendonebyPaulMeurer, UniResearch,Bergen.INESSoffersaccesstoalarge(andincreasing)numberof treebanks,includingtheOldNorsetextsonthePROIELwebsite. INESScanbeaccessedwithoutregistrationorpasswordthroughthislink: http://clarino.uib.no/iness Afterhavingreadtheopeningpage,clickonTreebankselectionintheleft column.Thiswilltakeyoutoalistofavailabletreebanks.SelectOldNorsefrom thecategoryofLanguages. Thiswilltakeyoutoanoverviewofthecontents,whichismoreorlessidenticalto theoneinthePROIELwebapplication. Now,lookforthesamesentenceinStrengleikarassuggestedabove!Selectthistext byclickingonnon-strleik-dep(currentlyatthebottomofthescreen)andinthe nextwindow,youwillbeofferedalotofmetadata.Loandbehold!Click“Accept”in thedialoguebox.Bytheway,thethreefirstlettersinnon-strleik-depisthe above-mentionedISOabbreviationfor“OldNorse”. Now,clickonSentenceoverviewintheleftcolumn.Youwillnowseethewhole textdisplayedonthescreen,fromsentence1tosentence2491. Youcaninfactreadthewholetexthere,althoughitwouldnotbeaparticularly convenientwayofreadingit,unlessyouareacomputerscientist.Otherpeople prefertogototheUniversityLibraryinUppsalaandreaditdirectlyfromthe parchment.Or,fautedemieux,fromtheMenotasite. Now,gotosentence957bytypingthisnumberintheGotorowbox. Fine!YouhavecometothefirstsentenceofLaustiksljóð,whichyoumightguess fromthewordsLaustikslioðerher‘ThelaisofLaustikis[i.e.begins]here’. 8 HowdoyouknowthatLaustiksljóð,thefifthlaisinStrengleikar,beginsexactly here?Well,youdonotknow.However,assumingthatyoucanaccessthistextin anothersource,suchasintheMenotaarchive,inPROIELorinaprintededitionof thetext,youmayfindacharacteristicword–like“Laustiks”–andsearchforthisin INESS.SimplytypeasuitablewordintotheQuerybox: [word="Laustiks"] Youwillgetonehit,withtheIDnumber957.Fine–thisisit! ClickResetintheQueryboxtodeletethequery,thentype957intheGotorow box(asabove).YouwillbebackatthebeginningofLaustiksljóð. Clickonthesentence.Theresultwillbeasdisplayedinill.3below. Ill.3.TheINESSdisplayofsentence957inStrengleikar–syntaxonly. Now,movethecursorovertheword,anditchangesintoahand.Clickonit,anda boxcropsup,asshowninill.4.ThisgivesyouexactlythesametypeofmorphologicalinformationasinthePROIELinterface,ill.1. 9 Ill.4.TheINESSdisplayofsentence957inStrengleikar–withmorphology,too. 3.1 Morphological queries Forastart,onecaneasilysearchformembersofanywordclassbyusingthe followingabbreviations: noun,common = noun-com noun,proper = noun-prop adjective = adj pronoun,personal = pron-pers pronoun,reflexive = pron-refl pronoun,interrogative = pron-intrg pronoun,indefinite = pron-indef determiner,demonstrative = det-dem determiner,quantifier = det-quant determiner,possessive = det-poss verb = verb adverb,general = adv-gen adverb,interrogative = adv-intrg preposition = prep conjunction = conjnct subjunction = subjnct infinitivemarker = inf-mark interjection = intject unassigned = unassgn foreignword = foreign-word 10 Thequeryshouldbetypedinthesearchfield.Forexample,thequery [pos="subjnct"] willyieldallsubjunctionsinthetext,while [pos="subjnct"]&[pos="conjnct"] willyieldallsubjunctionsandconjunctionsinthetext. NB!InallINESSqueries,usetheordinaryquotationmarks,"...",notthecurly quotes“...”(thequotationmarksaresometimesconvertedtocurlyonesbehind yourback). Ifyouwanttosearchforoneormorespecificmorphologicalcategories,theyhave tobespecifiedwithasuitablesetofabbreviations.Forexample [morph=("3""sg""pret""ind""act")] isaqueryforwordsin3.person,singular,preterite,indicative,active and [morph=("3""sg""pret""ind""refl")] isaqueryforwordsin3.person,singular,preterite,indicative,reflexive. So,whatyoushoulddoistoinsertthemorphologicalcategoriesyouarelookingfor usingtheabbreviationsinthelistbelow.Notethatmoodandfinitenesshavebeen merged,sinceaverbiseitherfiniteandhasaspecificmood,oritisinfiniteand doesnothaveanymood,butiseitheraninfinitiveoraparticiple.Alsonotethatnot allfeaturesinthislistareactuallyusedinthecorpus. (1) Person first = 1 second = 2 third = 3 unspecifiedperson = unsp-pers (2) Number singular = sg plural = pl unspecifiednumber = unsp-numb (3) Tense present = pres preterite = pret unspecifiedtense = unsp-tns 11 (4) Mood & Finiteness indicative subjunctive imperative indicativeorsubjunctive indicativeorimperative subjunctiveorimperative unspecifiedformood infinitive participle unspecifiedforfiniteness (5) Voice active reflexive unspecifiedvoice (6) Gender masculine feminine neuter masculineorfeminine masculineorneuter feminineorneuter masculineorfeminineorneuter unspecifiedgender (7) Case nominative genitive dative accusative accusativeordative genitiveordative accusativeornominative oblique(i.e.non-nominative) unspecifiedcase (8) Degree positive comparative superlative unspecifieddegree = = = = = = = = = = ind subjv imp ind/subjv ind/imp subjv/imp unsp-mood inf part unsp-finit = act = refl = unsp-vc = = = = = = = = masc fem neut masc/fem masc/neut fem/neut masc/fem/neut unsp-gen = = = = = = = = = nom gen dat acc acc/dat gen/dat acc/nom obl unsp-case = = = = pos comp supl unsp-deg 12 (9) Definiteness indefinite = indef definite = def unspecifieddefiniteness = unsp-def (10) Inflection inflecting = infl non-inflecting = non-infl Moreexamples!Thefollowingquery [morph=("sg""masc""nom")] yieldsallwordshavingthefeaturessingular,masculine,nominative. However,thesecategoriesarefoundinseveralwordclasses,suchasnouns, adjectivesanddeterminers.Soifyouwanttosearchforcategorieswithinaspecific wordclass,youshouldbeginbyspecifyingthewordclass: [pos="noun-com"&morph=("sg""masc""nom")] [pos="adj"&morph=("sg""masc""nom")] [pos="det-dem"&morph=("sg""masc""nom")] SinceallMenotectextshaveafullmorphologicalannotation,youcaneasilysearch forallinstancesofacertainlemma(headword).So, [lemma="konungr"] isaqueryforwordsofthelemma“konungr”,while [lemma="hvat"]&[lemma="er"] isaqueryforallinstancesofthetwolemmas“hvat”and“er”(althoughnot necessarilyinthesamepartofthesentence). NB!Pleasenotethatifyoumovefromonequerytoanother,thetreefromthe previousquerymaystillbeonthescreen.JustclickonNextmatch(orPrevious match)andaresultwillbedisplayed–withthewordhighlightedinred. Then,youmightliketocombineaqueryforacertainlemmawithspecific morphologicalcategories,forexample [lemma="konungr"&morph=("sg""gen""def")] whichwillyieldallinstancesofthelemmakonungrinsingular,genitive,definite, typicallyformslikekonungsins. 13 Important(again)! RememberthatthelemmasintheOldNorwegiantextsfollowtheorthography usedbyGammelnorskOrdboksverk.ThisdiffersfromthestandardOldNorse orthographyinfourmainways,asspecifiedonp.2above. Sothisishowyou(forthetimebeing)searchforinstancesofgenitivesingularof thelemmajǫrðintheOldNorwegiancorpus,rememberingtousethespellingiorð: [lemma="iorð"&morph=("sg""gen")] Sowhyaretherenohitsforthefollowingquery? [lemma="iorð"&morph=("sg""gen""def")] Well,therecanbeanerrorinthewaythequeryhasbeentyped(anextraspace somewhere,forexample),atechnicalfault(horribiledictu!)–or,mostlikely,that theresimplyarenoinstancesofthisparticularforminthecorpus.Whichinitsefis avaluableresult. Finally–goodnews!Thesequenceofmorphologicalfeaturesisnotfixed.Testit yourself,mixingfeaturesasyoulike: [morph=("3""sg""pret""ind""act")] [morph=("act""sg""pret""ind""3")] Bothqueriesgivethesameresult.Howpractical! 3.2 Syntactic queries Eachqueryshouldbeopenedwiththe‘>’signandthenoneormoreofthe functionalcategoriesinthevocabularyofdependencyanalysis.Seetheappendix onpp.15–17belowforanoverviewofthefunctionsinuse. Thequery >aux yieldsallauxiliaries(aux)(which,bytheway,isaheterogeneousfunction).Note thatthisisaquerywhichwillgiveahighnumberofmatches–sodonotforgetto marveloverhowfastthesearchis! Andthenextquery, >pred#x>comp#y>pred yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominateacomplement(comp)which dominatesanewpredicate(pred) 14 Nowalistofmorecomplexqueries: >pred#x>obl&#x>sub yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominatetwosisters,anoblique(obl)anda subject(sub) >pred#x>sub&#x>aux&#x>obj yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominateasubject(sub),anauxiliary(aux) andanoblique(obl) >obj#x>atr#a&#x>atr#b!=#a yieldsallobjects(obj)whichdominatetwoattributes(atr) And,finally,afewmoreabstract(asitwere)queries: #x>~#y isthegeneralqueryforasecondarydependency,suchasbetweenanexternal object(xobj)andasubject(sub),orbetweencoordinatedwords #x>~xsub#y isaspecificqueryforthesecondarydependencyexternalsubject(xsub) !(>sub) yieldsallsentenceswithoutasubject(sub). Theseareonlysomeexamples.Trytomakeyourowncombinations,andincase youaremissingsomething,havealookatthefulldocumentationinINESS: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page?page-id=INESS_Search 3.3 Combined morphological and syntactical queries Eachsearchshouldbeopenedwiththe‘>’signandthenoneormoreofthe functionalcategories.Thesecanbespecifiedwithlemmaormorphological features,astheywereexplainedin3.1above. So,thequery >sub[lemma="dagr"] yieldsallsubjects(sub)withthelemma“dagr”. 15 Andthisquery >sub[morph=("pl""masc""nom""indef")&lemma="sunr"] yieldsallsubjects(sub)withthemorphologyplural,masculine,nominative, indefinite(strong),andhavingthelemma“sunr” >pred#x>obl&#x>sub[morph=("sg""masc""nom")] yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominatetwosisters,anoblique(obl)anda subject(sub)(withthemorphologysingular,masculine,nominative) >pred#x>obl&#x>sub[morph=("sg""masc""nom")&lemma="hverr"] yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominatetwosisters,anoblique(obl)anda subject(sub)(withthemorphologysingular,masculine,nominativeandhaving thelemma“hverr”) And,finally,thequery >pred#x>obl[morph=("sg""masc""dat")]&#x>sub[morph=("sg""masc" "nom")] yieldsallpredicates(pred)whichdominatetwosisters,anoblique(obl)(with themorphologysingular,masculine,dative)andasubject(sub)(withthe morphologysingular,masculine,nominative). Confused? Gettingalittleconfusedwhenreceivingtheresultsofaquery?INESSwilllistall hitsintheMenoteccorpus,butgroupedaccordingtothefourmanuscripts.This willbethelineofmatchesfortheabovequery: Asyoucansee,thenumberofmatchesvarybetweenthefourmanuscripts,evenif theyareroughlyofthesamelength. Alsonotethatifyouwanttocheckmatchesinsomeoftheothermanuscripts,you mayhavetogothroughthelicenseroutinebeforegettingaccesstothemanuscript inquestion.Youmaybeaskedtoacceptthelicenseevenifyoualreadyhavedone that;justclick“Accept”andthen“Sentenceoverview”togetbacktowhereyou were. 16 Appendix: Syntactic functions in the PROIEL (and INESS) databases ThislistoffunctionshasbeentakenfromtheBeLLSannotationguidelines,pp. 199–201(seelinkonp.7above). IntheMenotecproject,thefunctionsAG,PART,ARG,PERandADNOMarenot beingused,buttheyhaveincludedhereforthesakeofcompleteness. Explanation predicate -mainverbinindependentclauses -conjunctioncoordinatingmainverbs -mainverbindependentclauses(excluding indirectquestions,seeCOMP) -emptyverbwhenverbismissing PARPRED parenthetic predicate -interpolatedsentencefragment,typicallythe mainverbindirectspeech VOC vocative -wordofaddress -interjections Abbreviation Name PRED AUX auxiliaryword -theauxiliaryverbshafa,geta,fá -theauxiliaryverbsmunu,skulu,mega,vilja -infinitivemarker -negationofmainverb -introductoryconjunction -theexpletiveparticlesofandum -theinterrogativeparticlehvárt SUB subject OBJ object OBL oblique -thesubjectofaverb(excludingobliquesubjects, seech.7.3.3) -theaccusativeinaccusativewithinfinitive constructions -theobjectofaverb(excludingobliquesubjects andnounphrases,seech.7.3.2) -obliquewordsunderPRED(dativeandgenitive objects) -obliquesubjects,indativeandaccusative -indirectobjects(alwaysdative) -objectsofprepositions 17 -objectsofadjectivesthatgoverngenitiveor dative -expressionsofsourceorgoalwithverbsof motion XOBJ externalobject -infinitivesthathaveexternalsubjects -predicatives,bothtosubjectsandobjects COMP complement -thesubjunctioninnominalclauses -thefiniteverbinindirectquestions -theinfinitiveinaccusativewithinfinitive constructions -infinitivesassubjectsorpredicatives -thesubjunctionen‘than’incomparison NARG adnominal argument -nounarguments,objectivegenitiveinparticular AG agent -thelogicalsubjectinpassive(andreflexive) constructions,typicallyaprepositionphrase introducedbyaf ADV adverbial ADVisafunctionwhichcancanmodify: -finiteverbs -prepositions -adjectives -otheradverbs ADVcanbe: -adverbs -prepositionphrases -nounsinobliquecases -subordinateclauses XADV external adverbial -anadverbialthathasanexternalsubject ATR attribute -adjectivesundernouns -possessivesundernouns -determinersundernouns -restrictiverelativeclauses APOS apposition -wordssubordinatedtonouns,butwhichhave thesamescope -non-restrictiverelativeclauses PART partitive -wordsorphrasesthattellustowhichgroupor wholeanounbelongs 18 ARG argument -OBL/OBJ PER peripheral -argument/adjunct NONSUB non-subject -OBJ/OBL/ADV -anomalies ADNOM adnominal -ATR/APOS/PART/NARG REL relative -restrictiverelativeclause(ATR)/non-restictive relativeclause(APOS) external subject predicate identity -theexternalsubjectofXOBJ XSUB PID -thesecondarydependencybetweenimplicitand explicitverbs -averbthatsharesargumentswithanotherverb 19