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Timeline of Medical Advances: The Equipment: Part 1
University of Cincinnati
Professor Labiner
Magnifiers  1st century Spectacles
 Roger Bacon – 1297 CE
 Lens making a skilled trade
 convex lenses
 concave lenses ©University of Cincinnati
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Timeline of Medical Advances: The Equipment: Part 1
 Zacharias Janssen ‐1590
 Invented microscope
 Galileo ‐ 1609
 Lincean Academy  Cornelius Drebbel ‐ 1620
 Compound microscope
Microscopists
 Marcello Malpighi in 1661
 Harvey’s circulation of blood solved
 Robert Hooke‐ Micrographia, 1665
 Coined the word “cell”
 Antony van Leeuwenhoek, 1681
 Invented the simple microscope
 RBC, Spermatozoa & Bacteria Portrait of Anthony van Leeuwenhoek by J. Verkolje, 1686
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Copyright © 2004 Octavo
©University of Cincinnati
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Timeline of Medical Advances: The Equipment: Part 1
Problems that impeded progress in the 18th century

Inaccurate observations blamed on microscope 
Inadequate preparation

Rough handling of specimens

Belief microscope too complicated to use

Physicians considered it a waste of time
Empirical art to a scientific discipline
 1829 ‐ Joseph Jackson Lister
 Listerian lenses
 1867‐His son, Joseph, pioneers
antisepsis  1843 ‐ Microscopy Education
 Guy’s Hospital, London
 1858 ‐ Rudolf Virchow  Cellular Pathology
Rudolf Virchow (1821‐1902)
©University of Cincinnati
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Timeline of Medical Advances: The Equipment: Part 1
Advancement of the discipline
 Need for Documentation
 Photomicrography – 1882
 Robert Koch
 X‐Ray Technology  The Electron microscope – 1931
 Ernst Ruska & Max Knoll  Microtome ‐1885
 Electrons – 1897 ©University of Cincinnati
© James A. Sullivan
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