Download Carbohydrates

4.8 IN
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Life Is Based on
Carbon
Carbon Is Found in All Living Things
Section 4.8
Carbohydrates Are Used for Energy Storage and
Energy Production
Section 4.9
Carbon
Molecular Diversity and Carbon
•  Central element for all living organisms
•  Organic molecules - contain carbon
•  Combine with Sulfur, Phosphorus,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen (remember
SPONCH?)
•  Variety of organic molecules is almost
limitless
A carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds
(electrons shared)
Structural
formula
Ball-and-stick
model
Space-filling
model
Methane
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Carbon skeletons
vary in many
ways.
Ethane
Propane
Vary in length.
Organic Molecules
•  Always contain Carbon
•  Building blocks for organisms and major
chemical energy source
Butane
Isobutane
Unbranched or branched.
1-Butene
2-Butene
May have double bonds, which can vary in location.
Cyclohexane
•  Can form polymers
Polymer - poly = many; big molecule made of
many repeating subunits (i.e., macromolecules)
Benzene
May be arranged in rings.
4.8 OUT
Four Basic Types of Organic Molecules
•  Carbohydrates - sugars (energy storing); CnH2nOn
•  Lipids - oils, fats, waxes (energy storing); C, H, O
•  Proteins - enzymes, cell structure; C, H, O, N, S
•  Nucleic acids - genetic material (DNA, RNA);
C, H, O, N, P
How do animals acquire the materials
necessary to build their organic molecules?
A) Sunlight
B) Food
C) Breathing
D) Present at birth
4.9 IN
Which type of energy
is used to convert
ADP to ATP during
cellular respiration?
A) Light energy
B) Kinetic energy
C) Chemical energy
D) Electrical energy
E) All of the above
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Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Disaccharide
•  Carbohydrate - carbon hydrated (CnH2nOn)
•  Made of 2 monosaccharides (the boxcars)
•  Saccharide - suffix = sugar
•  Sucrose (table sugar) - formed by synthesis
reaction with glucose and fructose molecules.
•  Energy content = 4 calories/gram
•  Originate from photosynthesis and burned in
cellular respiration
•  Made of smaller subunits which contain six carbon
atoms - monosaccharides
e.g., glucose is a monosaccharide.
Polysaccharides
•  Starch (plants), glycogen (muscles, liver) store sugar
•  Cellulose - plant cell walls
•  Chitin - insect exoskeletons (external)
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
Glycogen granules
in muscle tissue
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
Cellulose
molecules
Glucose
monomer
Disaccharide = Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide
(sucrose)
(glucose)
(fructose)
Starch - many glucose molecules bonded in a
straight chain
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
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Glycogen - many glucose molecules bonded in a
branching chain
Which molecule is more complex?
Glycogen or Glucose?
+
+
Many glucose molecules make
glycogen (a complex carb)!
CA State Standards
Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and
animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions
that occur in specialized areas of the organism's
cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
h. Students know most macromolecules
(polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins,
lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized
from a small collection of simple precursors.
Glycogen
Synthesis reaction – storing carbohydrates
in muscle and liver; occurs after every meal
+
Energy
(ATP)
Less complex
e.g., glucose
More complex
e.g., glycogen
Stored energy
Cellulose - many glucose molecules bonded in
crosslinks
Starch (potato), glycogen (liver) and cellulose
(cotton) are all polysaccharides made of
glucose chains.
Why are all three different from each other if
they are all made of glucose?
Cellulose - a polysaccharide
•  gives plant cell walls their rigidity
•  roughage - people can’t digest it (what about
termites?)
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Discuss the building blocks of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
Decomposition reaction – breaking down
carbohydrates in muscle and liver; occurs
between meals
( 2 monosaccharides) More complex
e.g., glycogen
Disaccharides
(Many monosaccharides) Stored energy
Polysaccharides
+
Energy
(ATP)
Less complex
e.g., glucose
4.9 OUT
Which of the following contains the most
energy?
A) ATP
Read Chapter 4.8 - 4.9
Homework 4.8 - 4.12: Part A
B) Glucose
C) Sucrose
D) Starch
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