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Sun and Planets.notebook Our Sun October 18, 2016 Our Sun (a quick review) main sequence • Average size __________ ______________ star Hydrogen • _______________ is the main fuel source • In about 5 billion years it will become a & the Planets Oct 27:05 AM Our Sun (new facts) 99.9 • Makes up about ___________ percent of the mass of our solar system. red giant _________ ___________ as it swells in diameter white dwarf • Will eventually die as a ___________ __________ Oct 27:05 AM Our Sun (new facts) • Atmosphere layers: Provides sunlight that powers the Earth Sunspots occasionally observed 11 year cycle • Layers: Core: ~ 15 million K It’s the “power plant” of the Sun Nuclear Fusion ___________ ___________ occurs here Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM Our Sun (new facts) • Corona Very large; millions of kilometers thick Electrically charged particles (“Solar Winds”) Coronal Mass Ejections http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/howtheuniverseworkssolarwinds.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuD82q4Fxgk Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM 1 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 Our Sun (new facts) Main body of the Sun: ~ 1.5 million km wide ~ 1,000,000 miles Main body + Atmosphere + Corona: ~ 3.5 million km wide ~ 2,200,000 miles Oct 27:05 AM Planet Rotation versus Revolution: The Planets: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Oct 27:05 AM • Rotation Spinning around a planet’s own axis. (Terrestrial Planets) Most planets rotate from West to East. __________________________ when counterclockwise looking down on a planet’s North Pole. (Jovian Planets) One period of rotation for a planet is another word for ___________. Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM West Coast of U.S. West Coast of U.S. East Coast of U.S. East Coast of U.S. Oct 25:02 PM Oct 25:02 PM 2 Sun and Planets.notebook Counterclockwise (when viewed from North Pole) October 18, 2016 Planet Rotation versus Revolution: • Rotation Spinning around a planet’s own axis. Most planets rotate from West to East. counterclockwise __________________________ when looking down on a planet’s North Pole. One period of rotation for a planet is day another word for ___________. Oct 25:02 PM Planet Rotation versus Revolution: • Revolution A planet’s orbit around the Sun. All planets revolve around the Sun in a counterclockwise __________________________ direction when looking down upon the Sun’s North Pole. Oct 27:05 AM Terrestrial Planets (the four “inner planets”) • Larger / Smaller planets of relatively high / low masses with rocky surfaces. "Terra" = Latin for "earth" One period of revolution for a planet is another word for ___________. year Oct 27:05 AM Terrestrial Planets (the four “inner planets”) Oct 27:05 AM Terrestrial Planets (the four “inner planets”) • Larger / Smaller planets of relatively high / low • Formed mainly from metals because of the masses with rocky surfaces. Sun high temperatures from the ___________. Metallic elements and compounds require high temperatures to form... Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM 3 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 Mercury Mercury • Very thin atmosphere • Greatest temperature range of any other planet weak • Planet so small that its gravity is ___________ ~ 430 ⁰C in the daytime and ‐ 170 ⁰C at night escape and gases allowed to ___________ into space. (escape velocity is 2 miles/second) (Earth's is 7 miles/second) 800 0F to -275 0F Daytime is ~30 "Earth days" long Nightime is ~30 "Earth days" long Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM Venus Venus “Earth’s twin” • Very thick atmosphere similar interior composition • Very slow backwards rotation East West • Rotates from ____________ to _______________ Retrograde • Known as _____________________ rotation • Always a layer of clouds • Mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) • CO2 traps heat in the atmosphere and its surface becomes extremely hot (~ 460 ⁰C) Greenhouse Effect • Example of the _________________ __________ Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM Venus Earth • Atmosphere is 90 times greater in pressure than Earth’s • Special Features 70 • _____ percent water Instead of ~15 p.s.i -- it's a whopping • Atmosphere is: 1400 p.s.i. ! Nitrogen • 78 percent _______________ (It will easily CRUSH you) Oxygen • 21 percent _______________ Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM 4 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 Earth • Special Features • Ozone layer protects us ultraviolet (UV) from Sun’s _______________________ radiation. Oct 25:34 PM Earth Oct 27:05 AM Mars • Special Features • Magnetic field protects us from highly charged particles bursting from the Sun solar winds known as _______________ ________________. • “Red” planet due to high concentration of iron oxides __________ ___________ Solar system's largest volcano (15 miles high & would cover AZ) "Olympus Mons" • Atmosphere is mostly CO2 and very thin ~ 1% of the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM Olympus Mons (ter....) Mt. Everest Mauna Kea Sep 3010:47 AM Sep 3010:50 AM 5 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 Mars Mars • “Red” planet due to • Surface temperatures warm high concentration of only to around 20 0C iron oxides __________ ___________ - 4 0F (~ 1/2 size of Earth) • Atmosphere is mostly CO2 and very thin polar ice caps ~ 1% of the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere Only 1/10 the mass of Earth Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM "Curiosity" We are very interested in finding liquid water on Mars...... "Follow the Water" Were the ingredients for life as we know it available on Mars? http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2012/aug/03/nasacuriosityroverlifemarsvideo Oct 37:10 AM Sep 3010:30 AM More Evidence of Running Water !!!!! Sep 3011:53 AM Sep 3010:30 AM 6 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 But, what happend to it? Will it also happen to Earth? Sep 3010:30 AM Jovian Planets (Jupiter‐like) Sep 127:43 PM Jovian Planets • Four “Gas Giants” or “outer planets” • Masses are so great that the force of • Larger / Smaller planets of relatively high / low gravity ________________ is strong enough to keep masses. gases from escaping into space. ice • Contain large quantities of ________ because • Therefore, very thick atmospheres of gas. they are located so far from the Sun. Hydrogen Helium ( 75% _______________ and 24% ____________) (escape velocity of Jupiter = 37 miles/second !) Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM Jupiter Jovian Planets Solid cores • ____________ ______________ believed to • Largest planet be buried deep in their centers of thick gas. • “Red Spot” believed to be an ongoing storm. Oct 27:05 AM Oct 27:05 AM 7 Sun and Planets.notebook October 18, 2016 Saturn Uranus • Only planet that is • Axis of rotation is tilted water less dense than _________ 90 _______ degrees from 1 g/cm3 • Very noticeable rings of ice and rocks ALL Jovian planets have low densities. Due to the fact they have such LARGE VOLUMES. Oct 27:05 AM vertical and it rotates from North to South (when viewed from Earth) Oct 27:05 AM Neptune 30 • Located ________ AU’s from Sun. (over 1,000 Earth's could fit inside Jupiter) Oct 27:05 AM Sep 127:55 PM Transit of Venus (June 5th, 2012) (over 1,000 Jupiters could fit inside the Sun...how many Earth's?) Sep 127:58 PM Sep 128:02 PM 8