Download Assiut university researches Functional Morphological Study of the

Assiut university researches
Functional Morphological Study of the Jaw
Apparatus of Two Avian Species Differ in
Feeding Habit
‫درا سة مورف ول وج ية ووظ ي ف ية ل لجهاز ال ف كى‬
.‫ل نوع ين من ال ط يور مخ ت ل فان ف ى عادات هما ال غذائ ية‬
Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud
‫ف اطمة ع بدال رجال محمود‬
Nahed Ahmed Shawky, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdeen
‫ أحمد محمود ع بدي ن‬،‫ن اهد أحمد شوق ى‬
Abstract:
The present investigation is concerned with the functional
morphology of the jaw apparatus of the Falco tinnunculus and
Melopsittacus undulatus, this is performed through the
studying of the following points: I- The jaw skeleton. A full
description of the morphology of the jaw skeleton of Falco
tinnunculus and Melopsittacus undulatus which consists of
the following four functional and kinematical unites; the upper
jaw, the brain case, the bony palate plus the jugal bars and
attached quadrates, and the mandible. All these units which
form a highly complex integrated mechanical apparatus, was
studied by using different techniques, as gross anatomy and
SEM. A. The upper jaw 1) In the common kestrel, the upper
jaw is a raptorial bill type. The lateral edges of the rhinotheca
carry tooth-like projection this is known as maxillary tomia.
While, in the budgerigar, the upper jaw is the psittacid-bill
type which carry transverse ridges (filing ridges) on its dorsal
surface, as well as, the presence of many sensory papillae
which protrude along its lateral edge. B. The brain case The
brain case of the two bird species is characterized by; 1) In
the common kestrel, the brain case exhibits a reduction in
kinesis due to the presence of immovable naso-frontal hinge.
However, the quadrate can glide antero-posteriorly and vice
versa. While, in the budgerigar, the brain case exhibits a high
kinesis due to the presence of movable naso-frontal hinge. 2)
The brain case of the budgerigar is characterized by the
appearance of the suborbital arch which is considered as a
parrot-specific structure surrounding the eye. C. The quadrate
bone The quadrate bone of the two bird species is
characterized by; 1) In the common kestrel, the quadrate is
robust and has irregularly tetrahedral shape (H-shape), which
has two mandibular condyles fitting with the articular facet on
the mandible and forming a real diarthrosis joint which is the
quadrato-mandibular articulation (Art.qm). Meanwhile, it is
articulated to the brain case through otic and squamosal
capitulum. In the budgerigar, the quadrate is delicate and has
r-shape with single narrow and lateral compressed condyle
which fits with the articular facet of the mandible forming
uniquely quadrato-mandibular articulation (Art.qm), in
addition, it is articulated to the brain case through the otic
capitulum. D. The mandible The mandible of the two bird
species is consisted of double rami, each ramus can be
distinguished into three portions; the anterior portion (Rm),
the intermediate portion (Pi) and the posterior portion (Pc) 1)
In the common kestrel, the mandible carries along its lateral
edges, the mandibular tomia (Mt) and contains a medial fossa
and two foramens on the intermediate portion of the
mandible. The posterior portion of the mandible contains two
coronoid processes, as well as, the medial and short lateral
process. The posterior portion of the mandible contains a
fossa (Quadratic articular fossa, Faq) which is responsible for
the articulation with the condyles which protrudes from the
mandibular process of the quadrate bone, as well as, it
incubates a posterior deep fossa (Fossa caudalis, Fca).
While, in the budgerigar, the keratin covers the bony anterior
portion of the mandible, and then extends anteriorly to form
the broad anterior tip of the mandible without dentale bony
support, as well as, carries numerous of sensory papillae like
that exist on the upper jaw. The posterior portion of the
mandible has just anterior coronoid process and contains
shallow quadratic articular fossa (Faq) which runs obliquely
from the postero-lateral to the antero-medial direction. That
fossa receives the narrow and elongated single condyle of
the mandibular process of the quadrate bone. II) The jaw
muscles and Ligaments: • The jaw muscles of the common
kestrel, Falco tinnunculus can be classified into: 1. Adductors
of the mandibula. The adductors of the mandibula comprise
of two muscles; muscle adductor mandibulae externus (pars
rostralis, pars ventralis and pars profunda), and
pseudotemporalis superficialis. 2. Adductors of the mandibula
and depressors of maxilla. The adductor of the mandible and
depressor of the maxilla group comprise of four muscles;
muscle adductor mandibulae posterior, muscle
pseudotemporalis profundus, muscle pterygoideus ventralis
(pars lateralis and pars medialis), and muscle pterygoideus
dorsalis (pars lateralis and pars medialis). 3. Depressor of the
mandibula. The mandible is depressed by the muscle
depressor mandibulae (Dm). 4. Elevator of the maxilla. The
elevator of the maxilla is represented by single muscle, the
muscle protractor quadrati. • The jaw muscles of the
budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus can be classified into: 1.
Adductors of the mandibula. The adductors of the mandibula
comprise of three muscles; muscle adductor mandibulae
externus (pars rostralis and pars ventralis), muscle
ethmomandibularis and muscle pseudotemporalis
superficialis pars lateralis. 2. Adductors of the mandibula and
depressors of maxilla. The adductors of the mandibula and
depressors of maxilla group comprise of three muscles;
muscle pseudotemporalis profundus, muscle pterygoideus
dorsalis and muscle pterygoideus ventralis pars lateralis. 3.
Adductor of the mandibula and elevator of maxilla. The
adductor of the mandible and the elevator of the maxilla are
represented by the posterior branch of the adductor
mandibulae externus muscle which is known as the adductor
mandibulae externus pars profunda. 4. Depressors of the
mandibula. The mandible is depressed by two muscles;
muscle depressor mandibulae lateralis and muscle depressor
mandibulae medialis. 5. Depressors of maxillae. The maxilla
is depressed by two muscles; muscle pterygoideus ventralis
pars medialis and muscle retractor palatini. 6. Elevators of the
maxilla. The maxilla is elevated by two muscles; muscle
protractor quadrati and muscle pseudotemporalis superficialis
pars medialis. • The ligaments of the common kestrel, Falco
tinnunculus include: Lig. Postorbital (Lig.po), Lig. External
jugomandibular (Lig.ex.jm), Lig. Internal jugomandibular
(Lig.in.jm), Lig. Occipitomandibular (Lig.om), Lig.
Quadratomandibular (Lig.qm), and Lig. Mesethmopalatinum
(Lig.mp). While the ligaments of the budgerigar,
Melopsittacus undulatus include: Lig. Internal jugomandibular
(Lig.in.jm), Lig. Occipitomandibular (Lig.om), and Lig.
Zygomatic-suborbital (Lig.zs). III- the roof of mouth A full
description of the roof of the mouth of two bird species; the
common kestrel, Falco tinnunuculus and the budgerigar,
Melopsittacus undulatus, which is distinguished into two
regions; 1- the palate region and 2- the pharyngeal region,
was studied from the following points of view, the following
parts are described. 1- General morphology of the roof of
mouth a) In the common kestrel, the palate region is relatively
twice the length of the upper jaw that incubates longitudinal
choana and has one medial and two lateral ridges that bears
several longitudinal rows of posteriorly-directed and pointed
papillae while posteriorly, the palate flaps to form a pair of
distinctive palatine wings. The pharyngeal region is short,
relatively half the length of the palate region and incubates a
narrow infundibular fissure, as well as, numerous of the
orifices of the pharyngeal salivary gland and also bears
several rows of posteriorly-directed papillae which are
arranged transversely on its posterior margin ”posterior
pharyngeal papillae” forming the pharyngeal wing. b) In the
budgerigar, the palate region is twice the length of the upper
jaw but shorter than that of the common kestrel and incubates
triangular-shaped choana, it demarkated by a semicircular
ridge, as well as, The surface of the palate region carries
scattered posteriorly-directed papillae and some tuberosities,
as well as, many pores of the anterior palatine salivary gland.
The pharyngeal region is long and relatively twice the length
of the palate region and incubates a narrow oval-shaped
infundibular fissure on its most anterior part, as well as, the
presence of numerous of scattered papillae spread over the
whole surface of the pharyngeal region, associated with the
orifices of the pharyngeal salivary gland. 2- The epithelium of
the roof of mouth A full describion of the structure of the
epithelia which covers the palate and pharyngeal region of
the roof of mouth, was studied by using different techniques,
as gross anatomy, SEM and histology; a) In the common
kestrel, the palate region of the roof of mouth is covered with
highly desquamate keratinized stratified epithelium that
carrying microridges on its surface. The keratinized
epithelium forming the papillae that are scattered on the
surface of the palate region, as well as, on the posterior
margin ”palatine papillae”. The epithelium of the palate region
is characterized by the disappearance of the dermal papillae.
While, the pharyngeal region is covered by non- keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium while the pharyngeal papillae
are covered by keratinized epithelium. The epithelium of the
pharyngeal region is characterized by the appearance of
short and few dermal papillae. The epithelium of the roof of
mouth becomes transitional- type at the region of the
connection with the upper and lower jaw. b) In the budgerigar,
the whole surface of the roof of mouth is covered with nonkeratinized squamous epithelium that carrying microridges,
as well as, the appearance of muco-submucosal junctions.
The palatine, pharyngeal, and scattered papillae are covered
by the keratinized squamous epithelium which is
characterized by the disappearance of the dermal papillae. 3The salivary glands The salivary glands of the common
kestrel, Falco tinnunculus and the budgerigar, Melopsittacus
undulatus were studied as a derivative of the epithelium of
the roof of mouth and are classified according to their location
as following: A. Anterior palatine salivary gland. 1) The
anterior palatine gland of the kestrel is paired and are
occupied the antero-medial portion of the palate region
underlies the stratified squamous epithelium, while in the
budgerigar, it is spread over the antero-ventral surface of the
palate region and located lateral to the choana. The anterior
palatine gland of each bird species is composed of a
compound tubulo-alveolar type and delivers a neutral and
acid mucin secretion via one pore in the kestrel, while in the
budgerigar, it delivers its secretion via multiple scattered
orifices on the epithelial surface of the palate region. B.
Posterior pharyngeal salivary gland. 1) The posterior
pharyngeal salivary gland of the two bird species is a
compound tubulo-alveolar type which secreted neutral and
acidic mucin via multiple scattered orifices on the epithelial
surface of the pharyngeal region. The anterior palatine and
‫‪posterior pharyngeal salivary gland of the common kestrel‬‬
‫‪give weakly reaction for protein, while in the budgerigar‬‬
‫‪exhibits strong positive reaction.‬‬
‫ال م لخص‪:‬‬
‫ت ناول ت هذه ال ر سال ة درا سة مورف ول وج ية ووظ ي ف ية ل لجهاز ال ف كى‬
‫خ ت يار ل نوع ين من ال ط يور مخ ت ل فان ف ى ال عادات ال غذائ ية وق د ت م ا‬
‫ص قر ال جراد ال م صرى و ال ع ص فور اال س ترال ى الج راء ال درا سة ال حال ية‪.‬‬
‫ح يث ي عد ص قر ال جراد ال م صرى ن وع من ان واع ال ط يور ال جارحة ال تى‬
‫ت س توطن ف ى م صر وخا صة ف ى وادى ودل تا ال ن يل‪ ،‬ب ي نما ي ع ت بر‬
‫ال ع ص فور اال س ترال ى هو احد ان واع ال ب ب غاوات ال ص غ يرة طوي لة ال ذي ل‬
‫ت وجد ب حال ة ال بري ة اال ف ى االن حاء االك ثر ق حطا آك لة ال بذور و ال‬
‫وج فاف ا ك ما ف ى أ س ترال يا غ ير ان ال تزاوج االن ت قال ى ج ع لها م ن ت شرة‬
‫ف ى جم يع ان حاء ال عال م وهى من ط يور ال زي نة ال مح ب بة ف ى ال عال م‬
‫وت عرف اي ضا ب ا سم ال درة أو ع ص فور ال حب‪ .‬ومن ال درا سات ال ساب قة‬
‫ال نوع من ال ط يور ي ح لق ف ى ال نهار ل س لوك ال ط يور ال جارحة ل وحظ أن هذا‬
‫ف وق سطح االرض ب اح ثا عن ف رائ سها وال تى ت ت ضمن ص غار‬
‫ال ثدي يات‪ ،‬ص غار ال ط يور‪ ،‬ال ح شرات ذات ال حجم ال ك ب ير و اي ضا‬
‫ال ض فادع‪ .‬ت ع تمد هذه ال ط يور ع لى مخال بها ال قوي ة ل الن ق ضاض ع لى‬
‫ف رائ سها وت ع تمد ع لى ف ك يها ف ى ك سر ع نق ال فرائ س ث م ت قوم‬
‫ق طع ص غ يرة‪ ،‬وي ع ت بر ال ع ص فور اال س ترال ى من ب ت قط ي عها ال ى‬
‫ان واع ال ط يور آك الت ال ح بوب ح يث ت قوم ب ت ق ش ير ال ح بة ق بل‬
‫ت ناول ها وذل ك ب ا س تخدام ال ف ك ين ال ع لوى وال س ف لى ول ذل ك ت م درا سة‬
‫ال جهاز ال ف كى درا سة مورف ول وج ية وت شري ح ية م ت كام لة ح يث شم لت‬
‫مى وخا صا ال ه ي كل و ال ع ضالت ال ف ك ية و ك ذل ك طالئ ية ال تجوي ف ال ف‬
‫س قف ال فم وم ش ت قات ه مع ك ل من ال تراك يب ال ساب قة من ح يث مالئ مة‬
‫هذه ال تراك يب ل لوظ ي فة وك ذل ك ع الق ات هذه ال تراك يب مع ب عض‬
‫وت آزرها ال ةظ ي فى ف ى عم ل ية االغ تذاء‪ .‬وف ى هذه ال درا سة ت م ا س تخدام‬
‫عدة ت ق ن يات م ثل‪ :‬ال درا سات ال ت شري ح ية‪ ،‬ال درا سات ال ن س يج ية و‬
‫ذل ك ال مجهر االل ك ترون ى ال ما سح‪ .‬وذل ك ل ل ت عرف ال ه س توك يم يائ ية وك‬
‫ب ش كل دق يق ع لى ال تراك يب ال مخ ت ل فة ل لجهاز ال ف كى ل هذي ن‬
‫ال طائ ري ن‪.‬‬