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China HAVE YOU BEEN TO CHINA? WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT CHINA? Geography Population 1.4 Billion 1/5 of the worlds population How much of China’s land is farmable? only 10% Over 300 million farmers!! Physical barriers isolated China: Mountains Deserts Geography What are the benefits of rivers? What are the potential risks of rivers? Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China • 13,170 miles long!! • ~70% in poor condition Why build it? • Originated in 3rd century BC • Originally meant to protect Chinese Empire from barbarian nomadic tribes Government in Ancient China Dynastic Cycle – 1750BCE – 1911CE Mandate of Heaven – right to rule is given by heaven People owed ruler loyalty and obedience Over 12 different Dynasties have rule China Wait… if a dynasty is ruling under the MoH, how does a new dynasty come to rule? *What makes us choose a new president or congressman?* Government in Ancient China Philosophies in China Teachings of Confucius (551-479BCE) Focused on DUTY & HUMANITY Teachings were recorded in the Analects Political and ethical NOT spiritual Five Relationships Bring order to society One is superior person – One is inferior person Ruler-Ruled, Parent-Child, Husband-Wife, Older Sibling-Younger Sibling, Older Friend-Younger Friend Filial Piety – respect that children owe their parents Place emphasis on education and a strong work ethic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ximqppmkfc4 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/cat- picturessophistication_n_5161266.html?utm_hp_ref=come dy http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/surpri sed-kittens-gif_n_4385814.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKNfnQneQV M Philosophies in China Daoism (Taoism) Based on the teachings of Laozi Natural way Da0 = the way Don’t interfere with the way Best government was the one with the fewest rules Compassion, moderation, and humility Respect for ancestor spirits Philosophies in China Legalism People evil by nature look out only for self-interest People only respond to punishment and reward Need strong rulers to enforce the law Religion in China Buddhism Dalai Lama – Tibet Leader of one sect of Buddhism Does not live in Tibet because of fear of the Chinese Govn’t Reincarnation The soul is reborn in various forms Salvation for good and punishment for wicked Mercy and compassion 4 Noble Truths – suffering caused by man’s desires Must follow the Eight Fold Path to reach nirvana/enlightenment Role of Women in China Patriarchy men dominate society women are subordinate Modern China 500BCE – 1949 CE Influence of Confucius - Women were…. not equal to men Not logical - Too stupid to be educated More emotional Why train a woman who will leave your family when they marry Evidence of Low Status of Women in China Infanticide Killing of baby girls During a famine – extra mouth to feed Pay dowry when they marry Buddhist belief in reincarnation Women are incomplete men and by killing them you free the soul to be reborn male Foot binding Began at age 5 – restrict the size of the foot Mutilation of women’s bodies for the pleasure of men Restricted the ability of women to move Evidence of Low Status of Women in China Concubinage Sold by family to one man for purpose of having male children Women had no rights to children Subservient to the man’s wife Prostitution To avoid or if unable to pay dowry - families sold daughter into prostitution Inheritance Not allowed to inherit – all property went to male relative Education Families did not spend $$ to educate women Women in China Today – 1949-2010 Communists have tried to create equality Outlawed foot binding, concubinage and prostitution Equal access to education and inheritance Some inequalities still exist One Child Policy – 1980 Families are restricted to one child each Many families still want a boy How can you make sure you have a boy? Nov. 2013 eased some restrictions Dynastic China – Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644 1421 Creation of The Imperial City – Beijing 1514 Portuguese want to trade with China Allowed to trade only at Macao Christian Missionaries also began to arrive – cultural exchange Height of Chinese power – foreigners had to kow-tow or bow low to the emperor Well known for their porcelain Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911 Changes in the 1700s Qing Dynasty is in decline Floods, famine, peasant revolts Industrial Revolution in Europe made European countries more powerful than the Chinese Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911 Opium War 1839-1842 British sell opium to the Chinese – addictive drug Chinese government cracks down on drug dealers 1839 – sink a British opium ship War breaks out Chinese lose, discover their military is outdated Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911 Treaty of Nanjing – 1842 Emperor had to pay for opium that was destroyed Open additional ports to foreigners – give Hong Kong to British Extraterritoriality could only be tried for crimes in your own courts China lost all power and status Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911 Spheres of Influence By late 1800s China was carved up Foreign nations had special economic privileges in their zone Creation of imperialism in China Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864) Peasant rebellion Over 20 million died Qing Dynasty crushed the rebellion Weakens the dynasty Leads to reform and modernization in government Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven Attempts to reform Qing Dynasty – 1870s - 1911 Self Strengthening Adopt Western technology while keeping Confucian values Improve military Kept old government and civil service exams Qing continued to lose power and control Open Door Policy - 1899 Proposed by the USA Allow equal trade access to all countries Prevented China being taken over by a single country or divided up between imperialist countries Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven Boxer Rebellion – 1898 - 1901 “destroy the foreigners” – rebels killed foreigners and those who had converted to Christianity Western armies invade China to stop the rebellion Emperor was forced to pay for the damages to the Western military forces Revolution of 1911 Led by Sun Yat-sen Overthrew the last Emperor Held elections for president and congress Chinese Nationalists (1911 – 1949) Led by Sun Yat-sen China’s attempt at democracy – elected president and congress 3 Principles of the People Nationalism unify china and end foreign exploitation Democracy Increased standard of living Chang Kia-shek replaces Sun Unifies China 1928 Defeated by Communists in 1949 and fled to Taiwan https://www.khanacademy.org/partner- content/crash-course1/crash-course-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialismglobalization/v/crash-course-world-history-37 Chinese Communism (1921 – today) Mao Zedong Leader of the communist party in China Saw the power of the people Worked with the Nationalist (1921-1927) End foreign influence and unify China Civil War (1928-1949) Between Nationalist and Communists The Long March – 1934-35 90,000 start only 7,000 finish Attempt to avoid being destroyed by nationalists 1949 - Communists WIN Power in China!! Communist China –Under Mao Great Leap Forward – 1958 Superhuman effort to modernize/industrialize China Attempt to end social classes Divide China into Communes Central dinning hall, lived in bunkers, everyone was assigned a job Attempt to mobilize people to build bridges, dams, irrigation Collective Farms All land and tools were owned by govn’t Lived in barracks (men/women) worked for the state Effects – DISASTEROUS 15-20 Million people died - starvation 1959 – 1961 famine Everyone made the same living many did not work hard Many people blamed Mao for the failure of GLF Mao leaves power for several years Communist China –Under Mao Cultural Revolution – 1966 Attempt to restore communist pride after failure of GLF Red Guards–young people devoted to Mao Mass rallies to support Mao/expose capitalists Abused people from rich/educated background Forced to confess crimes against communism Sent people to labor camps to be re-educated Effects – DISASTEROUS Created chaos, schools closed, factory production went down Most educated people were sent to camps – tortured or killed http://www.morningsun.org/living/index.html Communist China – Under Mao Mao – 1976 dies Effect of Maoism on China – by 1976 …. Three decades of economic isolation Iron Rice Bowl guaranteed to all who worked for state industries All workers were guaranteed secure job, free housing, free healthcare Equality and uniformity were valued NO individual advancement Communist China – Under Deng Deng Xiaoping (1978 – 1997) 1968 accused of being a capitalist-roader during the Cultural Revolution 1974 returns to Politburo (governing body) 1978 replaces Mao Communist China – Under Deng Economic Reforms Undoes Mao’s economic policies FOUR MODERNIZATIONS modernize agriculture – no more collective farms lifted price controls/crops sold on open market expanded industry – increased output 48% in 7 years allowed privately owned businesses develop science and industry upgrade China’s defense forces Communist China - Under Deng “It does not matter if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.”--Deng Xiaoping What does the quote have to do with the economy of China? 1978 Deng Xiaoping proclaims that "to get rich is glorious" Emphasizes introduction of the market/opening up to foreign trade and investment Peasants-allowed to produce for the market and agricultural production shoots up Foreign factories are set up in special economic zones Foreign investment pours in - China becomes one of the world's largest exporters Communist China – Under Deng Effects of Deng on China Increased gap between rich and poor Increased number of poor migrants (150 million) 2nd largest economy in the world Human Rights Abuses/Freedoms Denied Tiananmen Square 1989 – university students demonstrating for democracy are killed, wounded, and arrested for protesting China Today by 2020 they will be the world’s largest economic producer U.S. 4th largest trading partner Struggling with inflation Social Problems Demand for More Rights/Democracy Population Issues One Child Policy - lifted some restrictions in Nov. 2013 2008 Olympics – Beijing, China
