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China
HAVE YOU BEEN TO CHINA?
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT
CHINA?
Geography
 Population 1.4 Billion
 1/5 of the worlds population
 How much of China’s land is farmable?
 only 10%
 Over 300 million farmers!!
 Physical barriers isolated China:
 Mountains
 Deserts
Geography
 What are the
benefits of rivers?
 What are the
potential risks of
rivers?
Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China
• 13,170 miles long!!
• ~70% in poor
condition
Why build it?
• Originated in 3rd
century BC
• Originally meant
to protect Chinese
Empire from
barbarian
nomadic tribes
Government in Ancient China
 Dynastic Cycle – 1750BCE – 1911CE
 Mandate of Heaven – right to rule is given by heaven
 People owed ruler loyalty and obedience
 Over 12 different Dynasties have rule China
Wait… if a dynasty is ruling under the MoH, how does a
new dynasty come to rule?
*What makes us choose a new president or congressman?*
Government in Ancient China
Philosophies in China
 Teachings of Confucius (551-479BCE)
 Focused on DUTY & HUMANITY
 Teachings were recorded in the Analects


Political and ethical NOT spiritual
Five Relationships
Bring order to society
 One is superior person – One is inferior person
 Ruler-Ruled, Parent-Child, Husband-Wife, Older Sibling-Younger
Sibling, Older Friend-Younger Friend




Filial Piety – respect that children owe their parents
Place emphasis on education and a strong work ethic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ximqppmkfc4
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/cat-
picturessophistication_n_5161266.html?utm_hp_ref=come
dy
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/surpri
sed-kittens-gif_n_4385814.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKNfnQneQV
M
Philosophies in China
 Daoism (Taoism)
 Based on the teachings of Laozi
 Natural way  Da0 = the way
 Don’t interfere with the way



Best government was the one with the fewest rules
Compassion, moderation, and humility
Respect for ancestor spirits
Philosophies in China
 Legalism
 People evil by nature  look out only for self-interest
 People only respond to punishment and reward
 Need strong rulers  to enforce the law
Religion in China
 Buddhism
 Dalai Lama – Tibet
Leader of one sect of Buddhism
 Does not live in Tibet because of fear of the
Chinese Govn’t


Reincarnation
The soul is reborn in various forms
 Salvation for good and punishment for wicked



Mercy and compassion
4 Noble Truths – suffering caused by man’s desires

Must follow the Eight Fold Path to reach nirvana/enlightenment
Role of Women in China
 Patriarchy
 men dominate society women are
subordinate
 Modern China 500BCE – 1949 CE
 Influence of Confucius - Women were….
not equal to men
 Not logical - Too stupid to be educated
 More emotional
 Why train a woman who will leave your
family when they marry

Evidence of Low Status of Women in China
 Infanticide
 Killing of baby girls
 During a famine – extra mouth to feed
 Pay dowry when they marry
 Buddhist belief in reincarnation

Women are incomplete men and
by killing them you free the soul
to be reborn male
 Foot binding
 Began at age 5 – restrict the size of the foot
 Mutilation of women’s bodies for the pleasure of men
 Restricted the ability of women to move
Evidence of Low Status of Women in China
 Concubinage
 Sold by family to one man for purpose of having male children
 Women had no rights to children
 Subservient to the man’s wife
 Prostitution
 To avoid or if unable to pay dowry - families sold daughter into
prostitution
 Inheritance
 Not allowed to inherit – all property went to male relative
 Education
 Families did not spend $$ to educate women
Women in China Today – 1949-2010
 Communists have tried to create equality
 Outlawed  foot binding, concubinage and prostitution
 Equal access to education and inheritance
 Some inequalities still exist
 One Child Policy – 1980
Families are restricted to one child each
 Many families still want a boy
 How can you make sure you have a boy?
 Nov. 2013 eased some restrictions

Dynastic China – Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644


1421 Creation of The Imperial City – Beijing
1514 Portuguese want to trade with China
Allowed to trade only at Macao
 Christian Missionaries also began to arrive – cultural exchange


Height of Chinese power – foreigners had to kow-tow or bow
low to the emperor

Well known for their porcelain
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
 Changes in the 1700s
 Qing Dynasty is in decline


Floods, famine, peasant revolts
Industrial Revolution in Europe made European countries more
powerful than the Chinese
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
 Opium War 1839-1842
 British sell opium to the Chinese – addictive drug
 Chinese government cracks down on drug dealers


1839 – sink a British opium ship
War breaks out

Chinese lose, discover their military is outdated
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
 Treaty of Nanjing – 1842
 Emperor had to pay for opium that was destroyed
 Open additional ports to foreigners – give Hong Kong to
British
 Extraterritoriality


could only be tried for crimes in your own courts
China lost all power and status
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
 Spheres of Influence
 By late 1800s China
was carved up
 Foreign nations had
special economic
privileges in their zone
 Creation of
imperialism in China
Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
 Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)
 Peasant rebellion
 Over 20 million died
 Qing Dynasty crushed the rebellion
Weakens the dynasty
 Leads to reform and modernization in government

Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
 Attempts to reform Qing Dynasty – 1870s - 1911
 Self Strengthening
Adopt Western technology while keeping Confucian values
 Improve military
 Kept old government and civil service exams
 Qing continued to lose power and control

 Open Door Policy - 1899
 Proposed by the USA
 Allow equal trade access to all countries
 Prevented China being taken over by a single country or
divided up between imperialist countries
Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
 Boxer Rebellion – 1898 - 1901
 “destroy the foreigners” – rebels killed foreigners and those
who had converted to Christianity
 Western armies invade China to stop the rebellion

Emperor was forced to pay for the damages to the Western
military forces
 Revolution of 1911
 Led by Sun Yat-sen
 Overthrew the last Emperor
 Held elections for president and congress
Chinese Nationalists (1911 – 1949)
 Led by Sun Yat-sen
 China’s attempt at democracy – elected
president and congress
 3 Principles of the People
Nationalism
 unify china and end foreign exploitation
 Democracy
 Increased standard of living

 Chang Kia-shek replaces Sun
 Unifies China 1928
 Defeated by Communists in 1949 and fled
to Taiwan
 https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-
content/crash-course1/crash-course-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialismglobalization/v/crash-course-world-history-37
Chinese Communism (1921 – today)
 Mao Zedong
Leader of the communist party in China
 Saw the power of the people


Worked with the Nationalist (1921-1927)


End foreign influence and unify China
Civil War (1928-1949)
Between Nationalist and Communists
 The Long March – 1934-35
 90,000 start only 7,000 finish
 Attempt to avoid being destroyed by nationalists

1949 - Communists WIN Power in China!!
Communist China –Under Mao
 Great Leap Forward – 1958

Superhuman effort to modernize/industrialize China


Attempt to end social classes
Divide China into Communes
Central dinning hall, lived in bunkers, everyone was assigned a job
 Attempt to mobilize people to build bridges, dams, irrigation


Collective Farms
All land and tools were owned by govn’t
 Lived in barracks (men/women) worked for the state

 Effects – DISASTEROUS

15-20 Million people died - starvation



1959 – 1961 famine
Everyone made the same living many did not work hard
Many people blamed Mao for the failure of GLF

Mao leaves power for several years
Communist China –Under Mao
 Cultural Revolution – 1966
 Attempt to restore communist pride after
failure of GLF
 Red Guards–young people devoted to Mao
Mass rallies to support Mao/expose capitalists
 Abused people from rich/educated background
 Forced to confess crimes against communism
 Sent people to labor camps to be re-educated

 Effects – DISASTEROUS
 Created chaos, schools closed, factory
production went down
 Most educated people were sent to camps –
tortured or killed
http://www.morningsun.org/living/index.html
Communist China – Under Mao
 Mao – 1976 dies
 Effect of Maoism on China –
by 1976 ….


Three decades of economic isolation
Iron Rice Bowl




guaranteed to all who worked for state
industries
All workers were guaranteed secure job,
free housing, free healthcare
Equality and uniformity were valued
NO individual advancement
Communist China – Under Deng
 Deng Xiaoping
(1978 – 1997)



1968 accused of being a
capitalist-roader during the
Cultural Revolution
1974 returns to Politburo
(governing body)
1978 replaces Mao
Communist China – Under Deng
 Economic Reforms
 Undoes Mao’s economic policies
 FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
 modernize agriculture – no more
collective farms
 lifted price controls/crops sold on
open market
 expanded industry – increased
output 48% in 7 years
 allowed privately owned businesses
 develop science and industry
 upgrade China’s defense forces
Communist China - Under Deng
“It does not matter if the cat is black or white,
so long as it catches mice.”--Deng Xiaoping
 What does the quote have to do with the economy of China?
 1978 Deng Xiaoping proclaims that "to get rich is glorious"
Emphasizes introduction of the market/opening up to foreign trade and investment
 Peasants-allowed to produce for the market and agricultural production shoots up
 Foreign factories are set up in special economic zones
 Foreign investment pours in - China becomes one of the world's largest exporters

Communist China – Under Deng
 Effects of Deng on China




Increased gap between rich and poor
Increased number of poor migrants
(150 million)
2nd largest economy in the world
Human Rights Abuses/Freedoms Denied

Tiananmen Square

1989 – university students
demonstrating for democracy are killed,
wounded, and arrested for protesting
China Today
 by 2020 they will be the world’s largest economic
producer

U.S. 4th largest trading partner
 Struggling with inflation
 Social Problems
 Demand for More Rights/Democracy
 Population Issues

One Child Policy - lifted some restrictions in Nov. 2013
2008 Olympics – Beijing, China