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Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Our Primate Heritage Similarity = relationship Phenotype =/= genotype Common traits & common ancestry Biological classification Nested hierarchy Groups based on anatomical similarities – Kingdom: Animal - Class: Mammal - Order: Primates Classic Primate taxonomy ORDER SUBORDER Anthropoidea SUPERFAMILY Hominoidea FAMILY Hominidae Genus & species P200 Lecture Primates Homo sapiens 1 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Similarity = relationship Shared ancestry Other primates Order: rodents Common primate ancestor Humans Order: carnivores Primate Introductions P200 Lecture Widely shared traits? Ancestral = primitive Common primate ancestor Tropical habitats 2 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Diversity: size Diversity: habitat & diet tiny Arboreal huge Terrestrial Diversity: habitat & diet Humans are Primates Traits we share – Binocular vision Fruit P200 Lecture Leaves 3 Jeanne Sept Humans are Primates 9/16/04 Primate hands Shared traits: – Sensitive, grasping hands Humans are Primates Shared traits: – Omnivores – Vitamin C requirement General Primate Traits Ancestral Adaptations in Tropics … “life in the trees” ? Flowering plants Agile predators in 3D habitat P200 Lecture 4 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Humans are Primates Shared traits: Big Brain Consequences Brain tissue grows slowly – Longer maturation time – Longer reproductive cycle – Longer life – Fewer offspring – Big brains = long-lived, social, smart Brain size & life history dog Brain: 70 g monkey Brain: 110 g Body weight: 8 kg P200 Lecture Brain 70 g Gestation 3.5 months 6 months Reproductive age 1.5 years 4 years Life span 10+ years 30+ years 110 g 5 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Reproductive patterns dog monkey Litters of puppies potential: 50+ Single infants potential: 10 Parental investment strategies ? Learning to be a primate “open” behavioral program – Nurture vs nature Learning is critical to survival – To find food – To avoid predators – To find mates Social environment – Status Similarity = relationship ? Appearances can be deceiving! P200 Lecture 6 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Analogous traits Not all similarities are equally useful for tracing heritage. Analogy Homology – Independent adaptations (ecological function) Sorting exercise – Inherited similarity Sorting taxonomy Arthropods exoskeleton Birds Animals feathers Mammals Chordates hair Spinal chord Inferring ancestral relationships = Phylogeny P200 Lecture 7 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Phylogeny exoskeleton no feathers Reconstructing phylogeny hair Spinal chord no no Not all similarities are equal ! – Analogous similarities - Beware! (ecology, not ancestry) – Inherited similarities: Homologous - Primitive traits - Recent traits : Shared-derived traits no no wings? no Similarity = relationship ? lizard human horse Ancestor ? P200 Lecture 8 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 I lizard human horse lizard ?! human horse derived traits ancestor primitive trait III II lizard human horse lizard human horse derived traits derived trait parallelism or convergence P200 Lecture ancestor primitive trait primitive trait 9 Jeanne Sept 9/16/04 Tests for “primitive” ? I II Widespread character trait outgroups – Characters in outgroups Evidence for Polarity – Ecological specialization fossils – Fossil evidence of change – Developmental / genetic Patterns of characters Developmental – Morphology & Genes III Reconstructing phylogeny Not all similarities are equal ! – Analogous similarities - Beware! (ecology, not ancestry) – Homologous similarities - Primitive traits - Shared-derived traits can identify shared ancestry - sometimes = adaptations Genetic difference chimp human gorilla orangutan OW monkey 1.6% 2.3% 3.6% 7.4% Sister species P200 Lecture 10
