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Foundations in Sports Coaching 7 Anatomy and physiology for coaches Case study recommended answers 1 Discuss the joint movements involved in front crawl swimming As a minimum your answer should discuss the major joints including the glenohumural joint, hip, knee and ankle joint. Glenohumeral joint - During front crawl swimming the shoulder joint involves a combination of movements for example including extension, abduction, flexion, adduction. Hip joint – During front crawl swimming the hip joint involves a combination of flexion and extension. Knee joint – During front crawl swimming the knee joint involves a combination of flexion and extension. Ankle joint – During front crawl swimming the knee joint involves a combination of flexion and extension. 2 Discuss the muscles responsible for the movements identified in front crawl swimming. Glenohumeral joint Extension – Latissimus dorsi, deltoid (posterior), pectoralis major (sternla head), teres major triceps brachii (long head). Abduction – deltoid (lateral and anterior), supraspinatus, pectorlis major (sternal head). Flexion - Deltoid (anterior and lateral), pectoralis major (clavicular head), coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (short head). Adduction – latissumus dorsi, pectoralis major (sterna head), pectoralis major (clavicular head), teres major, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii (long head). Hip joint Flexion – Illipsoas, tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, Sartorius, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus. © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 1 Foundations in Sports Coaching Extension – Gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head), adductor magnus (ischial fibers). Knee joint Flexion – Hamstrings, gracilis, Sartorius, popliteus, gastrocnemius. Extension – quadriceps femoris. Ankle joint Plantar flexion – gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis posterior, flexor digitorium longus. Dorsi flexion – tibialis anterior, extensor digitorium longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius 3 Describe the muscle fibre types required during cycling and spinning. Spinning is a popular indoor cycling activity which is used by many cyclists and triathletes to complete their training, particularly if weather conditions are not conducive to outdoor cycling. On average a spin session duration is 45-60 minutes. Predominantly type 1 muscle fibres will be recruited. However, during short sharp intensity sprints on the bike, type 2a muscle fibres will be recruited. Type 2b fibres are far less likely to be recruited and only in times of the most powerful contractions. Type 1 muscle fibres – as their name ‘slow twitch’ denotes, they contract slowly. Muscle fibres are smallest in diameter therefore produce a low level of force, fatigue resistance and are able to produce contractions for long periods of time. The fibres appear as dark red due to large amounts of blood capillaries and myoglobin, accompanied with many mitochondria required to sustain aerobic cellular respiration. The fibres are therefore recruited for aerobic endurance activities such as long distance running and cycling and swimming, these activities are lower in intensity as they need to be sustained over a longer period of time. Type 2a (FOG) muscle fibres – muscle fibres are intermediate in size. They also appear as dark red due to the large content of blood capillaries and myoglobin, and are fairly resistant to fatigue, therefore recruited for aerobic exercise. These fibres differ from slow twitch as they also contain a high level of intracellular glycogen, allowing generation of © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 2 Foundations in Sports Coaching energy and force via anaerobic respiration, resulting in faster contractions than slow twitch fibres, with peak contraction reached earlier, although for a shorter duration. These fibres are suited to events such as middle distance running e.g. 800m or 1500m and walking activities. Type 2b (FG) muscle fibres – muscle fibres are largest in size producing the most powerful contractions due to the high number of myofibrils. The fibres appear white in character due to low levels of blood capillaries, myoglobin and mitochondria. They have the capacity to contain large amounts of glycogen, and contract quickly and strongly, however fatigue quickly. They are completly dependant on anaerobic respiration. These fibres are suitable for high intensity, short duration activities such as sprinting, weight lifting, jumping e.g. high jump or long jump and throwing events such as javelin or shot putt. 4 Describe the process of internal and external respiration. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the mechanical process of air flowing from the atmosphere into the lungs, more specifically the alveoli. This is possible due to the alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles such as the intercostals muscles. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli which is at higher pressure, moving to lower pressure in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from high pressure in the capillary to lower pressure in the alveoli. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases during systemic circulation, the exchange of gases from the capillaries to the tissue cells and vice versa. Pressure changes during pulmonary ventilation are caused by inhalation (also known as inspiration, breathing in) and exhalation (also known as expiration, breathing out). Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure outside the lungs; this pressure is created during inhalation. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere created during exhalation. Inhalation – the intercostals muscles contract lifting the ribs up and outwards, the diaphragm forced downwards with the sternum pushed forwards, increasing the volume of © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 3 Foundations in Sports Coaching the chest cavity. The pressure inside the lungs is lower than that of the atmosphere, drawing air into the lungs. Consequently, oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide into the alveoli. Exhalation – the intercostals muscles relaxing, ribs are drawn in and downwards, sternum moves inwards and the diaphragm is drawn upwards decreasing the volume of the chest cavity. The pressure inside the lungs is higher than that of the atmosphere, expelling air into the atmosphere. © Pearson Education Ltd 2012 4