Download INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNANCE CRISIS AND ECONOMIC

ECONOMIC RECESSION, FOOD INFLATION AND
DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA IN NIGERIA: SURGICAL
OPERATION THROUGH POLYCENTRIC PLANNING
Africa’s Ombudsman Paper No. 1
(for Planning/Nigerian/African Students & African
Youth @ OAU, Ile-Ife, April, 2017)
A/Prof. Samson R. AKINOLA
(Development Planner, Community Developer, Environmentalist,
Policy/Institutional Analyst, Governance/Poverty Red. Expert)
Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
e-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]
Mobile: +234-803-407-5110; +234-815-275-8280
INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction
2. Political economy of Nigeria & the PP
perspective
3. The aim and objectives of the
paper/programme
4. Knowledge Management (KM) tools and
potentials for economic revival in Nigeria.
5. Strategy for domesticating democracy for
economic revival through polycentric
planning
2
INTRODUCTION
6. Problem-solving African dev
models/strategies
7. Nigerian Knowledge Management Initiatives
8. African food security, industrialisation and
employment generation models
9. The implementation process for food
security, industrialisation and employment
generation
10. Conclusion
3
INTRODUCTION
• You never change things by fighting the existing
reality. To change something, build a new model
that makes the existing model obsolete. – Richard
Buckminster Fuller.
• You can’t solve a problem by using the same kind of
thinking that created the problem. There is, in
effect, a bankruptcy of ideas. – Albert Einstein.
• Underdeveloped countries should not accept the
inherited Western economic theory uncritically but
remould it to fit their own problems and interests
(Myrdal 1957: 99).
4
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• The 3 quotations show d danger of
importation of foreign ideologies.
• Our political economy is dysfunctional
• The top 20% of the pop. Nigeria owns 94.6%
of the wealth in the country,
• The middle 20% owns 1.9%,
• The bottom 60% owns 3.5% (Nigerian
National Living Standard Survey, 2006).
5
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• Econ reces, food infl & dev dilemma in Nigeria are
predicated upon reliance on obsolete ideas Western models and Eurocentric strategies.
• Eurocenric ideas lead to monumental disaster in
govnce of commt affairs & econ. dev.
• Def. of ER is related drop in stock mkt, decrease in
GDP, increase in unemploymt, increase in food
prices (Elite defn).
• The masses def is by realities on ground.
• (i) Salary is less than realistic cost of living
• (ii) Increasing unemployment.
6
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• Reduction in no of meals per day by majority
• Insecurity of lives and property – herdsmen-farmers
• No. of jobs created/per year less than no. graduates
per year.
• Deadly migration – About 521 Africans drown in
Med. Sea (Jan & Feb, 2017).
• This paper used the IAD in tandem with PEA, KM
tools & Robert Owen’s principles of ind village to
analyze the missing links between neo-liberal
poverty reduction programmes (Western ideolgies)
and Nigerian realities.
7
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• The paper found that b4 ER Nigerian growth rate in
2010 was 7.8% (Manuaka, 2011:35) significantly
higher than the global average of 3.9%.
• Present growth rate is abt -1.5% (for all of 2016)
• As a result, the operations of Nigerian State
perpetrate disaster, human misery, low standard of
living and poverty on the people.
• But this has not translated into an improvement in
the welfare of the people – “jobless growth and
paper growth”
• Rising econ. growth is inconsistent with rising
poverty and rising unemploymt (CDD, 2013).
8
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• Over the years, Nigerian leaders (govts & univts)
failed to adopt Africentric problem-solving
strategies (39 models and strategies and 95
proposals (2,923pgs) within the last 25 years).
• This paper attempts transferring Polycentric
Planning, as a problem-solving strategy to Planning
Students, Nigerian/African Students and Youth
(leaders of tomorrow)
• To demonstrate what works as opposed to what
does not work in resolving the current economic
crisis and poverty in Nigeria.
9
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• Since Nig. leaders did not embrace ideas, the
leaders of tomoro shld be entrusted with strategies
so that they can be equipped on how to address
impending bigger crisis.
• In order to address the current ER & the need for
the adoption of polycentric planning PP, an offshoot of the IAD for making Nig policy pple-centred.
• Polycentric planning (PP) is a deliberate act of
setting up multilayered and multicentred
institutional mechanism that regards self-governing
capabilities of local communities as foundation for
reconstituting order from the bottom up.
10
INTRODUCTION (Conts.)
• PP - process of ordering the use of physical, human
and institutional resources as well as engaging the
citizens in contractual relations with the public
authority (Akinola, 2010a:58, 2011a:7)
• so that environtal resources are judiciously utilised
to generate econ growth and the outcome (GDP) is
equitably distributed through polycentric
privatisation planning.
11
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NIGERIA AND THE
POLYCENTRIC PLANNING PERSPECTIVE
• The pol econy of Nigeria is dysfunctional and
lopsided.
• It originated from neo-liberal programmes/Western
ideologies - Decentralisation, SAP, Liberalization,
Privatization, PRSPs.
• The weakness of these programmes has been
identified by scholars (Jutting et. al. 2004; Ikhide,
2006:64; Mohamedbai, 2008; Akinola, 2008p).
12
•
•
•
•
•
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
Akinola (Akinola, 2010i:7) identifies some reasons
for failure of Western ideologies :
(1) They did not capture informal statistics that
reflect African daily economic activities;
(2) Economic decisions are taken at the seat of
power (usually at the capital) far away from the
local people; and
(3) Persistent gap between stakeholders in
development.
Consequently, the political economy becomes
dysfunctional, while underdevelopment and
poverty are heightened.
13
•
•
•
•
•
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
Food security potentials – labour and abundant
crops are wasted,
Agricultural innovations end on the shelf (Akinola,
2007f:223, 227-228, 2010i).
Nigerian youths ride Okada (motorcycle)
Graduates of higher institutions work as labourers
Currently, unemployment betw 30% & 42%.
Nigeria is producing abt 2 million graduates
annually into already job saturated market (British
High Commissioner - 06/04/2017).
14
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• According to Malingha and Gumbo (2017), Gross
domestic product was 1.3% lower in the December
quarter, 2016 than in the previous fourth quarter
after shrinking 2.2% in the September quarter.
• GDP contracted 1.5% for all of 2016, the first fullyear drop in 25 years, according to International
Monetary Fund figures.
• That is the GDP was -1.5% for all of 2016.
15
16
17
•
•
•
•
•
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
The IMF forecasts the economy will grow 0.8% in
2017
The concern is on the impact of the growth on the
Nigerian people.
In previous years, Nigerian growth rate that
averaged 7.8% in 2010 (Manuaka, 2011:35) has not
translated into an improvement in the welfare of
the people.
Where do we go from here?
It is a dilemma which Nigerian government is yet to
address.
18
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• The Economic Recovery and Growth Plan of
President Buhari (ERGP, 2017-2020).
• The Recovery and Growth Plan has 3 broad strategic
objectives:
• (a) restoring growth of the economy,
• (b) investing in the Nigerian people, and
• (c) building a globally competitive economy.
• It targets the growth of GDP 2.19% in 2017 and
7.0% by the end 2020 (Udo, 2017).
19
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• Muhammadu Sanusi ll, The former governor of the
CBN has faulted the plan
• “The FGN is spending 66% of its revenues on
interests on debts, which means only 34% of
revenues is available for capital and recurrent
expenditures…
• The problem is that it is a budget that is even going
for more debts.”
• “Growth can only come from investments.
• It cannot come from consumption” (Yusuf, 2017).
20
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• Muhammadu Sanusi ll succinctly captures the
dependency syndrome of Nigerian leaders:
• We have governors that go to China and spend one
month on a tour and come back with, MoU on
debts.
• China will lend you $1.8bn to build light rail.
• This light rail will be done by the rail workers from
China.
• The trains & engines will come from China.
• The labour comes from China.
• The driver is a Chinese.
21
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• “At the end of the day, … citizens in northern Nigeria
- state like Kano or Katsina - will ride on a train not
going to an industrial estate to work… not going to
school… nor to the farm.”
• “You borrow money from China to invest in trains so
that your citizens can ride on them and go for
weddings and naming ceremonies” (Muhammadu
Sanusi ll cited in Yusuf, 2017).
• The condition in Nigeria is worrisome as the rich are
getting richer and the poor becoming poorer.
22
•
•
•
•
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
The global picture is sending serious signals to us in
Nigeria.
Analysis shows that 388 richest persons in 2010
owned the same amount of wealth as more than
3.5 billion people (50% of world population).
The figure reduced to 85 persons in 2014; 80
persons in 2015.
The figure reduced to 62 richest persons that
owned $1.76tn in 2016 and to 8 persons with
$426bn (£350bn), the same amount of wealth as
more than 3.5 billion people in 2017 (Elliott, 2017).
23
POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts.)
• This is instructive for us in Nigeria to begin to
conceptualise how to engage PP to engineer LED &
build a nation that responds to the yearning …
• The FGN should draw some lessons from the
current crisis in the MENA where high youth
unemployment rate has angered the population &
thus led to revolution without solution.
• After several failed attempts 39 models and
strategies and 95 proposals of 2,923, this paper
attempts transferring PP, as a problem-solving
strategy to Planning Students, Nigerian/African
Students and Youth (leaders of tomorrow).
24
THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME –
Students/Youth Intellectual Empowerment on
Problem-Solving
• The major aim of this paper is to transfer problemsolving strategies to Planning Students,
Nigerian/African Students and Youth (leaders of
tomorrow)
• The specific objectives of the programme are:
• (1) To establish Polycentric Public-Private
Partnership (PPPP) at the federal, state and local
government levels in order to kick start food
security, industrialization and employment
generation programmes in Nigeria;
25
THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME (Conts.)
• (2) To design effective linkage, partnership and
collaboration betw the Govt, higher institutions, ind
& local communities through econ poly planning;
• To diversify economy and revenue base by
developing different local industries that can fully
utilize local resources and thereby generating
employment for the local people and revenues for
LG in Nigeria; and
• To empower the grassroots economically through
shareholding in, and joint ownership of local
industries (polycentric privatization) across the
country.
26
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT (KM) TOOLS AND
POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL IN NIGERIA FOOD SECURITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
• Food Processing and Production Potentials
• Dept of Agric Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria shows that the work of
about 20 days will take only one hour to accomplish
with mechanical methods (Akinola, 2002:73;
2007f:228).
• Dept of Food Sc & Tech of OAU, using physical
principles, has developed effective and viable
methods of food preservation (Taiwo, et. al. 1997;
27
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL
• In FUTA, Dept of Agric Eng designed and fabricated
a fruit processing machine that could produce juice
from a variety of fruits (see for details Adeyemi
2011:22-24).
• FUTA designed and fabricated a combined harvester
that could either be powered by fossil fuel or solar
energy.
• The machine also performs seven functions which
include cutting and harvesting, conveying and
threshing the crop, separating and cleaning and
then storing it.
28
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts.)
• Other machines developed at FUTA include cocoa
yam harvesters, multiple purpose tillage machine,
crop weeding machine, juice extractor, self-fed
cassava peeling machine, cassava washing machine
(Adeyemi 2011:22-24).
• Unfortunately, the government never took up the
challenge of encouraging the industrial production
of these machines.
• They did not go beyond prototype.
• In spite of all the new ideas and opportunities,
Nigerian farmers are not benefiting from these
innovations.
29
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts.)
Personal Experiments at OAU, Ile-Ife, 2005-2007
• The voice of God ignited a vision in me in November
2004.
• God spoke to me that: “There is going to be food
scarcity; go into farming.”
• Consequently, I ventured into food security
experiments.
• I started with fishery in November 2004; cultivation
of yam, maize and cassava in March/April 2005;
rabbitry in October 2005; goatry in January 2006;
wide range cockerel in November 2006; and
plantain cultivation in August 2007.
30
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts.)
• Results of an experiment on rabbitry = betw Oct,
2005 & Feb. 2006 > 3 rabbits multiplied to 22
rabbits within three months.
• By projection, = 380 within a year.
• Part of these experiences culminated into a
community level investment cooperation project at
Irepodun Local Government Area of Osun State,
Nigeria between 2005 and 2006 (Akinola, 2007f,
2010a,i, 2011a).
31
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts.)
• Result of Experiment on Irepodun Investment
Cooperation (IIC) in Osun State, Nigeria
• This experiment centred on collective action and
polycentric privatization (Akinola 2007f:230).
• The Cooperation involves 16 associations with LG
• The language of the programme was the mother
tongue of the people – Yoruba.
• It was designed to be an inward-looking vehicle
aimed at harnessing and utilizing local resources to.
• It was a joint venture between all interested
indigenes of the local government (at home and
32
KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts.)
• However, economic recession cannot be addressed
in isolation of political consideration.
• Hence, the need for restructuring the public sphere
and political economy through polycentric planning,
error correcting potentials and institutional
mechanism via the setting up of SGCA at all levels
and layers – community, ward, LG, state and federal.
• This will require the application of African
Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model
(APDDM) (Akinola, 2016d).
33
DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY FOR ECONOMIC
REVIVAL THROUGH POLYCENTRIC PLANNING
• Domesticating democracy requires engaging PP for
restructuring our political economy.
• PP requires cooperation, while cooperation
demands deliberation for achieving collective action
• American experience, 4 fundamental imperatives....
• collegiality,
• mutual trust,
• reciprocity and
• shared community of understanding.
34
DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY THRU POLYCENTRIC PLANING
• Collective action and collegiality among the Yoruba
of south-western Nigeria are clearly illustrated and
understood through several expressions among
which are:
• (1) Omode gbon agba gbon la fida Ile-Ife;
• (2) Owo omode ko to pepe, tagbalagba ko wo
kerengbe;
• (3) Owo kan ko legbe eru d’ori;
• (4) Agbajo owo l’afi nsoya;
• (5) Enikan ki je awade, etc. (see Akinola, 2007a).
• These are foundatns for domesticating American
35
DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY (Conts.)
• The collective action among the Yoruba supports
the notion of SELF-GOVERNANCE (SG) –
• (SG) is a system whereby the people govern
themselves through institutions they designed
themselves without resorting to external context.
• Self-governance is one of the types of democracy.
36
African Polycentric Democracy
Domestication Model (APDDM)
• African Polycentric Democracy Domestication
Model (APDDM) is designed for domesticating
democracy in Africa (Akinola, 2016d).
• It is conceptualised as a process of adapting
features and elements of federalism/
democratisation to African realities through
appropriate institutional arrangements that are selforganising and self-governing within rule-rulerruled configuration in Africa.
• APDDM derives inspirations from 14 problemsolving and solution-seeking African dev models.
37
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
• Fig. 1a, democracy in America was derived from
federalism, while federalism had its roots in
covenantal arrangement
• The participants in the Philadelphia
Convention presumed an essential connection
between ideas and deeds – theory/knowledge and
actions/realities (V. Ostrom, 2000:9).
• The methodology for translating ideas to deeds was
conceptualized in the Mayflower Compact in which
the participants made a commitment with one
another to solve their common problems together
(Tocqueville [1835-40] I, 1945:35; V. Ostrom
38
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
• In Yorubaland, for example, there existed similar
structures. Owe, Aaro and Esusu – economy and
development
• Primordial governance structure enabled decision
making to be permeated into the entire fabric of
the society.
Fig. 1a&b:
• African Polycentric Democracy Domestication
Model
39
Fig. 1a: APDDM
American Democracy
American Federalism
Importation of Political
Ideology in Deviance of
African Realities
Covenantal
Arrangement
Elections = 5% of
Democratisation
American Associational
Life
Electoral Violence
African Realities
African Associational
Life
CRISIS ZONE
Winner-Takes-It-All
Party Loyalists Benefit
Start Here
Dualistic Policies in all
Sectors
Electoral Disconnect
Deprived Group
Disgruntled
Survival through
any means
Divided Society Built
on Injustice
Non-Party Members
Disadvantaged
Do or Die Affairs and
Cut-Throat
Competition
Insecurity and
Economic Loss
RETHINKING
40
SOLUTION ZONE
Fig. 1b: APDDM
RETHINKING
African Realities
Brainstorming
(viewing African realities
through exogenous
variables)
African Collective Action
Scholars
Public Officials
Self-governing
Institutions
African Associationalism
African Endogenous
Impulses
APIN
APSRM
Democracy Domestication
Institutional Mechanism
(Five Features and 21
elements of Federalism)
Constitutional level
APCCM
AERDM
APPAM
ADIM
Adaptive Education –
Oyerinde and Eyota
SGCA at all levels
Collective choice level
(Five Features and 21
elements of Federalism)
Operational level
Broad-based
Government with High
Inclusivity
Roles of Citizens Before,
During and After
Elections
African SelfGovernance and Civic
Democracy
Synergy
ALEDS
Econ. Growth
APPM
IMPLEMENTATION
Projects & Programmes
Local share-holding
41
Fig. 1b: APDDM (Conts.)
SGCA at all levels
(Five Features and 21
elements of Federalism)
ADIM
Collective choice level
Operational level
Broad-based
Government with High
Inclusivity
Roles of Citizens Before,
During and After
Elections
African SelfGovernance and Civic
Democracy
Synergy
Econ. Growth
ALEDS
APPM
IMPLEMENTATION
Projects & Programmes
Local share-holding
Food & Employment
AFSM & AEGM
Retirees, Women &
Youth Models
Empowerment
Nation-building Model
PEACE, DIVIDEND
OF DEMOCRACY
AND PROSPERITY
National
Unity
42
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
The outcome of the mechanism is the setting up of
SGCA at all levels where all the 21 elements of 5
features of federalism (in Table 1) would be
properly studied, deliberated upon and understood
by Africans (elite and non-elite) in relation to
exigencies of democratisation.
These elements should be brought together and
weave as a bundle of African democratic
framework. Specific actions shall then be taken on
implementation.
43
Table 1: Five Features of Federalism and 21 Elements of Federalism in Africa
Source: V. Ostrom (1994, 2000); Tun Myint (2006); Akinola (2016d:7).
A Bill of Rights – Bill of rights in federalism is not private rights but public rights as
contained in the constitution. Citizens can relate with one another on lawful ground.
1
Limits upon governmental authority
2
Assign authority vested in “people” as “persons” or “citizens”
3
Freedom of communication, and speech
4
Protection of property
5
Association
6
Due process of law
7
Rights exercisable in the context of interpersonal relationship
B Separation of Power (Check Power by Power)
8
Division of labor and separation of authority
9
Multiple agency relationships
C Structures of Citizen Participation in Decision Making
Linking citizens and government
10 i. ELECTION
11 ii. Jury trials
12 iii. Taxation
13 iv. Associational life e.t.c.
14 v. What is going on there rather than what is said on book.
15 Constitutional prerogatives of individuals and governments
16 Recognize harmonization between characteristics of customs and law
17 Participatory links – citizens in government
Concurrent units of governments
D
18 Distinguishes from unitary government
19 What different levels of government can do.
E Nongovernmental realm of society
20 Allows and recognize dynamic linkages between governmental and
nongovernmental realm
21 Conditions of the citizens are more important than other things.
44
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
• All the 21 elements of federalism should be
emphasised and be involved by the citizens on daily
basis through elegbe jegbe (associational life).
• The artisanship and creativity of a basket maker are
quintessential and sine-qua-nom for weaving the 21
elements of federalism into a political ‘basket’ that
contains all the interests and aspirations of the
citizenry.
• All the issues that pertain to justice and checks and
balances should be weaved around federalism and
democratisation process.
• It is an on-going affair.
45
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
• The outcome of restructuring is that ethnic
minorities, youth women, retirees, etc. will feel
belonged, while early warning system, conflict
prevention and peacebuilding will emerge (see
Akinola 2008p:189, 2009b:96, 2011e, 2014d,
2016d).
46
African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts.)
Constituents and Mechanism (Multi-layered and
Multi-centred Structures) of SGCA
• SGCA comprises of both elite and non-elite drawn
from public and private sectors.
• At least 20 of the existing interest groups have
already been identified by Akinola (2008p, 2011a).
• They are: Traditional council, Religious groups,
Community Development Associations, Cooperative Societies, Women Groups, Youth Wing,
Civil Servant in various grades – bureaucrats and
technocrats, professionals – Lawyers, Accountants,
Planners, Builders, Architects etc.,
47
•
•
•
•
Nigeria Union of Teachers (NUT),
Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ),
Farmers Associations,
Traders Unions, Carpenters Associations, Bricklayers
Associations,
• Local branches of Nigeria Union of Road Transport
Workers (NURTW),
• Commercial Motor-cycle Operators’ Associations,
• Ethnic Militia (OPC in the West, MEND/Niger Delta
Avengers (NDA) in the Niger Delta, Bakassi/Egbesu
Boys in the East and Arewa in the North),
48
• Other Social Groups like Lion, Rotary, Alfa Clubs etc.,
Students’ Unions, Unemployed groups.
• In addition, public officials are members of SGCA as
citizens and not as officials.
• They include: the military, the police,
representatives of ministries, departments and
agencies (MDAs) – works, power, transport, health,
sanitation, etc.
• Multi-layered and multi-centred structures of SGCA
is demonstrated in Fig. 2.
49
• The SGCA as a multi-task assembly provides
platform for cross-fertilisation of ideas among
citizens and serves as a precursor for restructuring
the public sphere and political economy.
• Since SGCA is a multi-tasks assembly, one of its
operations will have to do with education and
enlightenment of citizens so that public officials and
the people in informal/endogenous sector operate
within shared communities of understanding.
50
Fig. 2: Proposed Network of Interactions between the three
FEDERAL
tiers
of Governments and SGCA
GOVERNMENT
Federal
Assembly
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2008p:190, 2013m:70).
Federal Level SelfGoverning Community
Assembly
State
Assembly
State Government
Senatorial District
Senatorial District
Level
Local
Government
Assembly
Community
Assembly
Local
Government
Stakeholders’ Committee
(Monthly)
State Level SelfGoverning Community
Assembly
Senatorial District
Self-Governing
Community Assembly
Local Level SelfGoverning Community
Assembly
Community Level
Self-Governing
Community
Assembly
STAKEHOLDE
RS’ FORUM
(Quarterly)
Communities
Communities
Communities
51
Some of the critical questions that citizens need to
address at the SGCA include:
• Are we a people?
• If yes, can we live together peacefully?
• If yes to question 2, what are the conditions of
peaceful co-existence?
• What should governments do in terms of human
resources development and natural resources
utilization and how should they do it?
• What can people do alone without government
intervention?
52
• What can people do in tandem with government?
• What can people do in conjunction with local
industries?
• What can people do with agricultural and other
natural resources in their communities?
• How can people handle the issues in numbers 4 to
8?
• What should be the role of local people in shaping
electoral system before, during and after elections
to ensure the delivery of dividend of democracy?
53
Examples of Tasks and Responsibilities of SGCA are:
• Eliminate the problem of information asymmetry –
Model No. 12.
• Constitutionalism – Model No. 4.
• Budget Preparation – several models are useful as
guides on income and expenditure.
• Corruption – Model No. 3.
• Food security – Model No. 15, 39.
• Retirees Welfare– Model No. 6.
• Industrialisation – transforming local raw materials
into finished/semi-finished products in all sectors of
the economy – Model No. 11, 26, 32, 39.
54
•
•
•
•
Employment generation – Model No. 16, 26.
Local Economic Development – Model No. 20, 21.
Road development – Model No. 18.
Electricity and water supply and resolution of
leakages – Model No. 33.
• Poverty reduction – Several Models – Model No. 3,
4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 21, etc.
• Forestry, Climate Change Mitigation and Flood
Control – Model No. 25, 35.
• Environmental management – Model No. 13, 14,
17, 35, 36.
55
• Electoral reform and democratisation. SGCA as a
clearing house for electoral candidates.
• INEC should be domiciled at the community level
and acts as umpire for regulating the conducts of
politicians – Model No. 24.
• Nation Building - Incessant killings due to
Herdsmen-Farmers conflicts – Model No. 7.
• Security of life and property e.g. (1) Aja-Ile in
Ibadan; (2) Landlord-Tenant engagement (ID of all
tenants be known) – Model No. 22.
• Conflict detection, prevention, resolution and peace
building without the use of force e.g. Yoruba/Hausa
clash in Ile-Ife, March 2017 – Model No. 23.
56
• Wage/salary committee members will be part of
jury trials to prosecute corrupt government officials
because they have access to relevant information.
• Project continuity - At the federal and state levels,
the problem of contract review or abandoned
projects by new administration will be resolved –
Model No. 33.
• At the federal and state levels, award of contracts
by a governor or president about three months to
leave office will be queried and if not rational will
be rejected by the SGCA.
57
• Rapid Response Squad – Cases that require
immediate attention will be handled by SGCA (e.g.
Underground ritual ground at Soka, Ibadan in April,
2014).
• If SGCA has been in place when Boko Haram started
in 2009, their grievances and operations must have
been addressed long ago through deliberations at
SGCA.
• The passing into law of obnoxious and greedy
Governor’s Pension of N200 million as severance
package within 13 days will be halted at the state
level of SGCA.
58
Political Hawkism versus Check and Balances at SGCA
• Using political Hawkism and African Electoral
Reform and Democratisation Model (AERDM) –
Model No. 30,
• Each politician, after winning elections should be
inaugurated at appropriate SGCA, where he/she will
be ‘decorated’ with Political Score Card Mechanism
and African Politician Performance Assessment
Model (APPAM) for assessing the performance at
regular intervals.
59
Implementation Process for the setting up of SGCA
• The first step is to unfold the framework to the
people through the media and practical
demonstrations such as the application of
traducture for demonstrating the ideas to the
citizens at the federal level.
• According to wa Goro (2007), traducture can be
defined as the explorations of several possible
means of conveying knowledge-based development
issues to stakeholders instead of relying on
translation of words alone.
60
PROBLEM-SOLVING AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS AND
STRATEGIES FOR RESOLVING ECONOMIC RECESSION
• Resolution of the current economic recession
demand the adoption and application of thirty nine
(39) problem-solving and solution-seeking African
development models that are strongly applicable to
diverse policy issues in socio-economic and technopolitical challenges in Nigeria.
• The models are contained in the paper.
• The adoption of the 39 models would help Nigeria
in setting up Nigerian Knowledge Management
Initiatives (NKMI) that will be the engine room of
endogenous self-reliant development.
61
NIGERIAN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
INITIATIVES (NKMI)
• NKMI) which draws inspirations and working
mechanisms from four models:
• African Intellectual Gap Measurement Model
(AIGMM) for measuring intellectual potentials and
relevance of African universities/polytechnics
(Akinola, 2010f);
• African Education Reform Model (AERM) for
reforming higher education system and making it
organic, problem-solving and solution-seeking
(Akinola 2010f);
62
NKMI (Conts.)
• African Endogenous Knowledge Development
Model (AKEDEM) designed for generating selfreliant development in Africa (Akinola 2011j); and
• African Polycentric Technological Development
Model (APTDM) designed for generating
technologically inclined smart community and selfreliant development in Africa (Akinola, 2017a).
• To set up NKMI for knowledge application this
paper, adopts ADBB that can be housed in AIC
(Akinola 2008p)…. as NDBB and NIC
• to serve as a control unit for four development
players – (see Fig. 3).
63
Fig. 3: Nigerian Development Brain-Box (NDBB)
Source: Akinola (2008p)
GOVERNMENTS
UNIVERSITIES
AFRICAN
DEVELOPMENT
BRAIN-BOX
(ADBB)
INDUSTRIES
Exogenous
Variables
COMMUNITIES
• Fig. 3: Nigerian Development Brain-Box (NDBB)
• Source: Adapted from Akinola (2008p:186,
2010i:48).
Fig. 3 can be operationalised through five (5) steps:
• Step 1: Nigerian scholars should view Nigerian
realities with intellectual lenses through exogenous
variables – biophysical/material conditions, cultural
and other attributes of a community, and rules-inuse.
• Step 2: Nigerian scholars generate knowledge
through relevant applied research and analysis of
existing scholarship focused on overcoming
Nigeria’s developmental problems.
• Step 3: Nigerian scholars pass knowledge to
NDBB/NIC (Akinola 2008p:186-187; 2010i) where it
will be assessed .. the fabrication of machine that is
65
NKMI (Conts.)
• Step 4: Universities/polytechnics thru its adaptive
research, discover the needs of the society, develop
new ideas and innovations and send them to
NDBB/NIC,
• As shown in Fig. 4, it is NDBB/NIC that will adapt
knowledge to reality through its experimental
stations and pilot projects for every sector of
Nigerian economy – social, economic, technological,
and political spheres.
• Step 5: After the pilot project, there is the need for
feedback, called cybernetics which will occur at
three levels as shown in Fig. 4.
66
NKMI (Conts.)
• The feedback on the performance of pilot project
will be sent to NDBB, which will lead to the refining
of the model/package that will be demonstrated
again at the field (see Akinola (2008p:187,
2010i:51).
67
Fig. 4: Illustration of the Mechanism of NDBB/NIC in taking theories to Nigerian Streets
Source: Akinola (2008p)
NDBB/NIC
In-House
Demonstration
Universities
Community
Relation Unit
Cybernetics - 1
Refined
Package
Cybernetics - 2
Cybernetics - 3
Project
Replication
Experimental
Stations
Pilot Projects
at Community
Level
• NKM for taking theories to the streets.
• We need to draw some lessons from one of the
fathers of planning, Robert Owen (1799).
• Robert Owen’s Industrial Village (1799), called
English Cooperative Movement influenced the lives
• Industrial village he built for his weaving business at
New Lanark in 1799.
• Owen constituted workers into cooperative and
• subjected them to better pay,
• shorter working hours and better housing,
• he made provision for the education of various
categories of people.
69
• African Development Institutional Mechanism
Model (ADIM) is adopted as Nigerian Development
Institutional Mechanism Model (NDIM) (see Fig. 5).
• With innovation coming from scholars and robust
institutional arrangements, it will be easier for
government to increase its presence and relevance
at the community level.
• Fig. 5
70
Fig. 5: Nigerian Development Institutional Mechanism (NDIM)
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007f:231, 2008p:188, 2010i:53).
Knowledge
Sector
Political/Power Sector
Scholars
Public Officials
Exogenous
Variables
Implementation of
Policy and
Feedback
Nigerian Realities
Development and
Citizens’ Welfare
African Public Sphere Restructuring Model
(APSRM)
• APSRM (Fig. 6) is designed for restructuring the
public sphere and political economy in order to
resolve political crisis in Africa, and then linking this
to how people can work together, from community
level, to address diverse challenges (Akinola 2009b,
2010a:73-78, 2011a:40-47).
• Fig. 6: APSRM
72
Elite Dominated
Economy
Political Society
Economic Society
Public Sphere
Civil Society
SocioEconomic and
Political Crisis
plus Poverty
PARALLEL OPERATIONS
SYNERGY
Value
Reorientation
African Public
Sphere
Restructuring
Mechanism
Constitutional Level
Scholars
Public Officials
Self-Governing
Community
Assembly
(SGCA)
SGCA
Collective Choice
Level
Self-Governing
Institutions
Operational Level
New Institutional
Arrangements
Electoral Reform
and
Democratisation
Employment
Generation
Food
Security
Poverty
Reductio
n
73
Fig. 6b (Continuation of Fig. 6a): Restructuring Using Niger-Delta PostAmnesty Development Model (NDPADM)
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007f, 2010a,b).
New Institutional
Arrangements
Environmental
Management
Poverty
Reduction
Human
Resources
Development
& Utilization
Conflict
Management
& Peace
Building
Electoral Reform
and
Democratisation
Local &
Infrastructural
Development
Food
Security
Polycentric
Privatization
Constitutionalism
Employment
Generation
Security of
Life and
Property
Peace and Sustainable Development
74
• The outcome of the restructuring is emergence of
new institutional arrangements,
• After the institutional arrangement has been
designed, operational strategy for implementation
of any programme/project (e.g. employment
generation, food security, road development,
poverty reduction, environmental management,
etc. can then be fashioned out (see Akinola, 2007f,
2008b,p, 2009a, 2010a).
• It is at this stage that any of the 39 models can be
applied to any of the specific action situations…
75
•
•
•
•
•
•
Addressing Recession thru 6 Models
(1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with African
Local Economic Development Strategy (ALEDS),
(2) African Polycentric Technological Development
Model (APTDM),
(3) African Employment Generation Model (AGEM),
(4) African Retirement and Economic Empowerment
Model (AREEM)
(5) African Polycentric Urban Environmental
Governance Model (APUEGM) and
(6) African Polycentric Students/Youth
Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model
76
(1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with
ALEDS
African Food Security Model (AFSM) is conceptualized
as the combination of factors of production (land,
labour, capital, entrepreneurship and technology)
through appropriate institutional mechanisms that
synergize the efforts of the key stakeholders
(governments, universities, industrialists and farmers)
in food production (process and storage).
AFSM is diagrammatized in Fig. 7 displaying the roles
and contributions of all the stakeholders including the
concerned ministries.
77
Fig. 7: African Food Security Model
PARALLEL OPERATIONS
CRISIS
Governments
Universities/Polytechnic
s
FOOD
Industries
Farmers
SYNERGY
FOOD
SECURITY
MECHANISM
Re-orientating
Values
Agricultural
Resources
Adaptive
Technology
Polycentric
Privatization
Planning
(Local
Industries)
Processed Agric.
Products
Consumption and
Export
Share-holding
Bonus and
Dividends for
share-holders
Employment
Generation
Creating Wealth
78
FOOD SECURITY
(2)
African Employment Generation Model (AEGM)
• African Employment Generation Model (AEGM) is
conceptualized as the combination of factors of
production:
• land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship and
technology)
• through appropriate institutional mechanisms that
synergize the efforts of the key stakeholders:
(governments, universities, industries and business
sectors) in employment generation.
79
African Employment Generation Model (AGEM)
Factors of Production/
Employment
Locally Sourced
Land
5
Labour
5
Capital
5
Entrepreneurship
5
Technology
Mixture of Local and Imported
5
Ownership
5
Total
25
% Total
Imported
25/30 = 83.0%
5
5/30 = 17.0%
Table 2: Employment Scenario
• Employment could be generated when more than
2/3 (66.67%) of factors of prod are locally sourced.
• In this model, 83.0% of factors are locally sourced,
while 17.0% a mixture of local & imported factors
(3)
African Polycentric Technological Development
Model (APTDM)
• African Polycentric Technological Development
Model (APTDM) designed for generating
technologically inclined smart community and selfreliant development in Africa (Akinola, 2017a).
• It derives inspirations from AIGMM, AERM and
AKEDEM (Akinola 2010f, 2011j).
• It is conceptualised as home-grown technology or
appropriate technology; a practise of co-creation
involving social and material aspects, social and
natural sciences, and societal and technological
developments.
81
(4) African Retirement and Economic
Empowerment Model (AREEM)
• African Retirement and Economic Empowerment
Model (AREEM) (Fig. 8) is designed for synergizing
the efforts of retirees such that their retirement
benefits are pooled as seed money for investment
in their locality (Akinola, 2013l).
• The required thing is that the retirees need to
embrace collective action and join efforts by
pooling together part of their retirement benefits to
serve as seed money for the implementation of
innovative economic empowerment and practical
investment strategies for retirees.
82
Fig. 8a: African Retirement & Economic Empowerment Model (AREEMM)
INNOVATION LEVEL
Retirement Benefits as
Seed Money
•Sickness
•Loss of
Dignity
•Death of
Retirees
Plundering of
Pension Fund
Pension Fund
Pensioners’
Crisis
PENSION CRISIS LEVEL
Knowledge and Capacity
Building
SYNERGY LEVEL
Constitutional Level
Retirees’ Groups
ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
MECHANISM
for Retirees
Family Members
Youth
Other Share holders –
farmers, traders,
artisans, etc.
-tive
Entrepreneurship
(Local Industries, Investment,
Food Production, Job
Creation)
Evaluation
-tive or +tive
+tive
Collective Choice Level
Operational Level
Experiments/Pilot Projects
Outcome
Fig. 8b: African Retirement & Economic Empowerment Model (AREEMM
Entrepreneurship
(Local Industries,
Investment, Food
Production, Job Creation)
-tive
Evaluation
-tive or +tive
+tive
Bonus and
Dividends for shareholders
Wealth Creation
INVESTMENT ENLARGEMENT
Food Production, Transport, Job
Creation & Poverty Reduction
and
poverty reduction
Experiments/Pilot Projects
Outcome
(5)
African Polycentric Urban Environmental
Governance Model (APUEGM)
• African Polycentric Urban Environmental
Governance Model (APUEGM) is capable of
mainstreaming citizens-centred institutions in urban
areas into socio-economic and political decision
making so that citizens (including the urban poor)
can participate effectively in decisions on
redevelopment, thus entrenching good urban
governance, citizens-centred environmental
planning and development in Africa (Akinola 2016f).
• The APUEGM is diagrammatised in Fig. 9.
85
APUEGM
• The first part of the model (Nos. 1-10) displays the
failure of centralised, monocentric and monocratic
systems of governance (No. 1) occasioned by elite
driven structurally-defective institutional
arrangement that has resulted into exclusion (No.
2) and consequent dualistic economy and policy
(No. 3), etc. ….This failure requires a rethinking and
a paradigm shift on urban governance (No. 11a) to
an inclusive institutional framework that would be
appropriate for cities dwellers – elite and non-elite
– in Africa.
86
Fig. 9a: African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model
2. Elite-Driven
and Exclusive
1.Centralised,
Monocratic &
Monocentric
Governance
5c. Lack of,
and
Inadequate
Services
5b. High Pop.
with Small
Resources
(Non-elite)
5d. Scarcity &
Aggression (1st
Level)
9b. Injustice and
Aggression (2nd
Level)
11b. Urban
Realities
13a.
•Socio-Econ Factor
•Cultural Factor
•Institutional Factor
3. Dualisitc
Urban Economy
and Policy
4b. Poor
Reservation
Area (PRA)
6. Slums,
Shacks,
Informal
Settlements
8.Evictions Things Fall
Apart
10. Urban
Violence and
Crisis
12. Restructuring
(SGCA)
New Urban
Governmentality
4a. Government
Reservation Area
(GRA)
7. Demolition
5a. Low Pop.
with Big
Resources
(Elite)
9a. Violation of
Human Rights
11a. Rethinking
Urban Governance
13b. Associationalism
– APIN Model
(Akinola 2008p)
87
Fig. 9b: African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model
9b. Injustice and
Aggression (2nd
Level)
11b. Urban Realities
13a.
•Socio-Econ Factor
•Cultural Factor
•Institutional Factor
8.Evictions Things Fall
Apart
10. Urban
Violence and
Crisis
12. Restructuring
(SGCA)
New Urban
Governmentality
15a. Polycentric
System, CitizensDriven & Inclusive
Governance
14. African Polycentric
Urban Renewal Model
(APURM)
16. Land,
Housing, Water,
Roads, Electricity
17. Taxation,
Accountability,
Job, Services
9a. Violation of
Human Rights
11a. Rethinking
Urban Governance
13b. Associationalism
– APIN Model
(Akinola 2008p)
15b. Municipality,
Council/County
18. Environment,
Health, Sanitation,
Education
19. GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY
REDCUTION
88
APUEGM
• The second part of the model (Nos. 11-19) displays
the way forward, especially on the role of African
scholars in rethinking urban governance by charting
possible courses of actions on how urban mangers
can work with citizens in synergy.
• Rethinking urban governance requires the
imperatives of urban realities (No. 11b) to be
factored into a new urban governmentality (No.
12).
• Urban realities should be viewed and analysed via
exogenous variables (socio-economic and
institutional factors) (No. 13a).
89
APUEGM
• The paradigm shift in governance demands a new
institutional arrangement through restructuring
whereby the efforts of the stakeholders in the
public terrains – politicians, bureaucrats,
technocrats, NGOs, youth, unemployed persons,
self-governing institutions, etc. – are synergised.
• Polycentric system, citizens-driven and inclusive
governance (No. 15a) will enable municipal council
and urban LG managers (No. 15b) to pursue the
goal of housing and infrastructural development
(No. 16).
90
APUEGM
• When public officials and citizens are able to work
together, taxation and accountability (No. 17) will
lead to job creation, access to land, affordable
housing due to low cost of building materials, job
opportunities, good roads, environmental health
and sanitation (No. 18), etc.
• At the end of the day, African countries would
experience good urban governance and poverty
reduction (No. 19).
91
Table 3: Proposals sent to The President, VP, Ministers, Senate
President and GMD, NNPC, NCDMB and Governors of South-west
S/N
Date
Title of Proposals sent to The President, VP, Ministers, Senate President and GMD,
NNPC, NCDMB and Governors of South-west.
45
On 10th June, 2015
Way Forward for Nigeria: Domesticate Democracy, Restructure the Public Sphere
and Political Economy through Polycentric Planning. Proposal sent to the President
(10p).
47
On 21st June, 2015
Knowledge Management Economy, Flood Mitigation And Lagos Megacity Project: A
Polycentric Planning Strategy. The Executive Governor Of Lagos State, Governor
Akinwumi Ambode, Governor’s Office, Alausa, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria (31p).
48
On 7th July, 2015
Easing Nigeria’s Debt Burden through Polycentric Privatisation Planning. Proposal
sent to the President (18p).
50
On 1st March, 2016
Re: National Economic Conference - Way Forward. Proposal sent to the President
(10p).
51-54
On 7th July, 2016
Resolving the Niger-Delta Crisis through Polycentric Planning. Copies sent to
President, Vice President, Minister of Petroleum Resources, GMD, NNPC (16p), and
NCDMB (50p).
46,
55,
56
and
57
On 11th June, 2015.
Between July 11 and 15,
2016
58-61
On July 22nd and 1st
August, 2016
Knowledge Management Economy for Food Security, Industrialisation and
Employment Generation in (Ekiti, Kwara, Ogun, Oyo States): A Polycentric Planning
and Poverty Reduction Strategy. Copies sent to:
(i) The Executive Governor Ayodele Fayose, Governor’s Office, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State,
Nigeria. (ii) The Executive Governor of Kwara State, Governor Abdufatah
Ahmed, (iii) The Executive Governor of Oyo State, Senator Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi, (iv)
The Executive Governor of Ogun State, Senator Ibikunle Amosun. (PPPRS) (21p x 3 =
63p)
Reviving Nigeria’s Economy through Polycentric Privatisation Planning. Copies sent
President, Vice President, Minister of Finance and the Senate President (32-42p).
62
and
63
On 11th August, 2016
Knowledge Management Economy for Food Security, Industrialisation and
Employment Generation in Osun State: A Polycentric Planning and Poverty
Reduction Strategy (PPPRS). Submitted to His Excellency, Ogbeni Rauf Adesoji
Aregbesola, Governor of The State of Osun, Osogbo, Osun State and the Speaker of
the House of Assembly, Hon. Najeem Folasayo Salaam, Osun State House of
Assembly, Abere, Osogbo (22p x 2 = 44p).
92
(6)
African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming
and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM)
• African Polycentric Youth Mainstreaming and
Empowerment Model (APYMEM) (Fig. 10a-b) is
conceptualised as the process of mainstreaming
youth needs and legitimate aspirations into socioeconomic and techno-political decisions, thereby
empowering them and preparing them for effective
and true leadership position in the nearest future.
• APSYMEM derives inspirations from the roots of
neglect the Nigerian students have suffered over
the years.
93
APSYMEM
• The present youth and students in Nigeria and
other parts of Africa are a product of maltreatment
and neglect by the African/Nigerian governments,
hence their restiveness, aggressive postures and
disrespect to elders that had contributed
immensely to proliferation of cultism and high level
of insecurity.
94
PROBLEMATICS ZONE
Higher Education Level
*Family Level
Graduation/NYSC
(12million graduates/year)
Minimal Societal Level
Larger Societal Level
Youth Restiveness
Deprived Group
Disgruntled
Survival through
any means
Disconnect
Lack of love & care,
Child Neglect, etc.
Youth Economic
Disempowerment
Juvenile Delinquency
Unemployment and
Campus
Governance
Semi-employment
Deficit
Inadequate Salary,
Neglect
of Youth
Welfare
Poverty,
Hunger,
etc.
leads to agitation & Cultism
Bad Minimal
Governance
World of Unemployment
Agitation, Cultism, Armed
Robbery, Violence,
Terrorism, etc.
Deprived Group
Disgruntled
Destruction of Lives and
Property
Insecurity, Reduction in
Investment & Economic Loss
Unemployment, Poverty
& Human Misery
RETHINKING
Fig. 10a: African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM)
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2014i).
95
96
97
SOLUTION ZONE
Fig. 10b: African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM).
RETHINKING
African Realities
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2014i).
Scholars & Intellectuals
Public Officials
Brainstorming
Private Sector
Self-governing Institutions
Youth Mainstreaming
& Empowerment
Institutional
Mechanism
Adaptive Education
at Campus Level
Level
Adaptive Education
at School Level
Level
Minimal Governance
at Family Level
Level
Adaptive Governance at
Campus Level
Moral and Cultural
Reformation
Broad-based Students
Union with High
Inclusivity
Adaptive Education –
Oyerinde and Eyota
African Endogenous
Impulses
ADBB/AIC, AKEDEM
Ministry of Students
Union and Youth
Development
(1) Commercial
Farms
(2) Industrial
Estates
(3) Work-study
Students Welfare
Program
&
(4) (Feeding
Govts
Accommodation)
Subvention
Subsidized
Innovation
Village
Intermediate
Technological
Entrepreneurial
Capability,
CentreAgricultural
(ITC)
Development & Food
Security
Industrialisation and
Employment Generation
Polycentric Privatisation
and Joint-Shareholding
98
Students Economic
APSYMEM
• In view of the present conditions of our students
and youth, it is suggested that Ministry of Students
Union and Youth Development be established for
practical development of entrepreneurial capability
and industrialisation through the operations of
Commercial Farms and Industrial Estates.
• At the same time, moral and cultural reformation
will take place and this will result into the formation
of broad-based Students Union with high inclusivity.
99
Ministry of Students Union and Youth Dev
Ministry of Students Union and Youth Development
will serve the following purposes:
• The Ministry of SUYD will act as a bridge between
education and industry for entrepreneurial
development towards specific goal/vision on what
each student wants to become in the world of
entrepreneurship.
• The MSUYD will be saddled with identification of
talents and endowments of students by giving them
the opportunities for practical demonstration.
•
100
MSUYD (Conts.)
• MSUYD will also venture into economic
empowerment through work-study programme,
agricultural development and food security,
industrialization, polycentric privatization and
economic empowerment.
• While Ministry of Education in tandem with the
NUC will concentrate on funding and maintaining
educational standard, the proposed MSUYD will
focus on students’ welfare – subsidized feeding and
accommodation, etc. – eat from your sweat and
farm.
•
101
MSUYD (Conts.)
• The MSUYD will help in reforming the youth morally
and culturally and as well as preparing them for
true and patriotic leadership in the future through
electoral morality.
• The MSUYD will also work in ascertaining socioeconomic conditions of students’ backgrounds for
the purpose of scholarship and other assistance.
• Students from poor family backgrounds who are in
first class positions at any level will automatically
qualify for full scholarship from the federal
government.
102
Nigerian Students/Youth and Innovation –
Wind Energy Potentials
• Wind is abundant, low cost, and widely distributed.
It is available for all countries to tap for energy.
• This realization has prompted William Kamkwamba,
from Malawi, a born inventor.
• When he was 14, he built an electricity-producing
windmill from spare parts and scrap, working from
rough plans he found in a library book called Using
Energy and modifying them to fit his needs.
• The windmill he built powers four lights and two
radios in his family home (Africa Focus 2009b).
Nigerian students/youth, governments and
103
NIGERIAN STUDENTS/YOUTH ARE CALLING FOR
CHANGE – Towards Inclusive Governance
• We need a system that will guarantee students’
involvement in decision on matters that concern
their lives and make them agents of positive
change.
• We need a system that will not allow our youth to
inherit liability leadership when it gets to their turn
of leadership in the future.
• We need a system where elected persons will be
answerable to students and youth after elections.
104
Caution for Nigerian/African Students/Youth
• Nigerian Students/Youth be politically neutral.
• They shouldn’t join political parties in their present
structures but cast their votes.
• Once they join political party hey become
intellectually blind to reality and unable to think on
problem-solving; only to be defending the ruling
party or opposing the opposition.
• They should use their signatures to collectively
demand for change in any area of the society.
• Nigerian students should see themselves as a
group, indivisible entity and work together for the
sake of their future.
105
• Nigerian/African Students/Youth should enlighten
their parents on realistic strategies that can solve
problems and not political party.
Students/Youth Role – Starting from URP Students
• URP students should understand problem-solving
entrepreneurship called polycentric planning.
• URP students should network with other students
and youth in Nigeria to seek for opportunities at
local government/community level for
demonstrating these problem-solving ideas for
reviving local economy.
106
• URP students in conjunction with other students
and youth in Nigeria and Africa should mount
pressure on government (through signatures) for
the adoption of problem-solving ideas.
• URP students should network with other students
and youth in other countries in Africa to mount
pressure on governments for the adoption of
problem-solving ideas in other countries.
• At higher institution level, commercial farms and
industrial estates should be established.
107
• At governmental level, diversification of economy at
LG, state and federal levels.
• This will require new orientation to the public
officials.
• URP students and professionals can become
manager, director, supervisor, coordinator, etc. of
food security and industrialisation programmes at
various levels - LG, state and federal.
108
Pilot Projects at Community Level
• A community can set up SGCA for electoral system
by selecting a consensus candidate (Councillor) at
ward level for the demonstration of models that are
applicable such as ALEDS, AFSM, AGEM, AREEM,
APSYMEM, etc.
•
Religious Bodies and Pilot Projects
• The Church and Islamic group can engage in pilot
projects on food security, industrialisation and
employment generation programmes.
109
Language Communities and Pilot Projects
• Different language communities can organise food
security, industrialisation and employment
generation programmes starting from pilot projects.
• The language of the programme should be the
mother tongue of the people in their communities.
Resolutions and Declarations by Nigerian
Students/Youth
• If opportunity can be got to apply these strategies,
at least, for experimentation and the outcomes are
positive, then Nigerian students/youth can make
some resolutions and declarations:
110
Resolutions and Declarations (Conts.)
• Our parents and grandparents contributed in the
struggles against colonialism and towards
independence.
• This present crop of leadership had better learning
environment during their student days.
• This present crop of leadership had jobs waiting for
them before graduation.
• We Nigerian students/youth suffered deprivation in
terms of poor hostel accommodation, while
Nigerian leaders sent their children abroad.
111
Resolutions and Declarations (Conts.)
• There are several cases of graduates in Nigeria
riding Okada (motorcycle) as commercial taxi in
order to survive economically, while some others
work as labourers in building industry – carrying
blocks, water and cement.
• Enough is enough of dodging responsibility using
the slogan of “non-employability of graduates”.
• The question is where are the jobs?
• We demand immediate application of problemsolving ideas/strategies that are Africentric.
112
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR FOOD
SECURITY, INDUSTRIALISATION &
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION @ Fed/State L
• Polycentric Public-Private Partnership (PPPP) (4Ps)
should be established in order to kick start food
security, industrialisation and employment
generation programmes by applying AFSM, APTDM,
AREEM, AGEM, APUEGM and APSYMEM at the
community level to enable governments and the
people release their full potentials in meeting the
present and future needs of the country.
113
• First Stage
• The programme designs partnership arrangements
that would involve public officials, NGOs, private
sector, industries, famers’ organizations,
universities, religious organisations and scholars in
relevant disciplines and fields.
• Decision should be taken on specific aspects of food
activities to embark upon – crops, fruits, poultry,
fishery, etc. – as well as their production, processing
and storage.
114
• Second Stage:
• Linkage should be established between
governments and agricultural experts in diverse
agricultural/food services.
• Linkage should be established with specific
industries for fabrication and production of
machines and equipment.
• The ownership of these projects would be shared
among the stakeholders including the citizens
through shareholding.
115
• Third Stage: Training of Staff
• Special training should be organized for the new
staff on food security and industrialization.
• Fourth Stage: Project Implementation Stage – at
the state level
• At the state level, the process for implementation of
food security, industrialisation and employment
generation programmes should be fine-tuned by
the working group in eight stages – from planning
to project commissioning.
• The state level programme shall take decision on 3 6 LGs to be selected for the implementation.
116
• The PPPP office at the state level shall set up a
committee cutting across all categories of the
participants, called Food-IndustrialisationEmployment Committee for Nigeria (FIECON).
• FIECON shall be saddled with the responsibility of
monitoring the implementation of the programmes
at the local government level in each state.
117
Implementation Process for Food Security, Industrialisation
& Employment Generation @ Local/Community Level
• The implementation strategy of the proposed
project is highlighted under 16 stages.
• The number of stages is flexible due to
circumstances in each community and LG of
implementation (for details see Akinola, 2008p,
2010i).
• The whole idea is diagrammatically expressed in Fig.
11 which shows the relationships between
government, scholars and industrialists as the first
level of action.
118
• It displays the application of PPPRS in relation to
the pursuance of the actualization of five
important issues: (1) re-orientation of values; (2)
creation of wealth; (3) generating employment; (4)
providing affordable food for the poor; and (5)
reducing poverty.
• Fig. 12 illustrates the working mechanism of ALEDS
towards polycentric privatisation, while
• Fig. 13 demonstrates the process of implementing
PPPRS for food security, industrialisation and
employment generation as the second level of
action at the local government/community level.
119
Fig. 11: Diagrammatic Expression of the Implementation Strategy.
Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007f:233, 2008p:192).
Governments,
Universities, Religious
Organisations, CSO
Scholars (Higher
Institutions)
Re-orientating
Values
Agricultural
Resources
Adaptive
Technology
Public Officials
Workshop on PPPP
for Food, Industry &
Employment –
Designing
Institutional
Arrangements
Polycentric
Privatization
(Local
Industries)
Industrialists and
Private Sector
Self-governing
Institutions
Processed Agric.
Products
Consumption and
Export
Share-holding
Food
for the
Poor
Bonus and
120
•
•
•
•
Application of African Polycentric Privatization
Planning Model within ALEDS Framework in 36
States and 774 LG in Nigeria
African Polycentric Privatisation Model (APPM)
operates at two levels.
At the first level, ownership of new public
enterprises should be equitably distributed
At the second level, by applying part of the
principles that undergird AFSM, new economic
enterprises should be established at various econ.
centres sharing ownership among people.
The implementation strategy of the proposed
project is highlighted under 16 stages.
121
• First Stage
• In each state, decision will be taken on three local
governments/communities that could be selected
for the implementation of the ideas on food
security, industrialisation and employment
generation.
122
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT OF
NIGERIA
Industrialists
Farmers Agricultural
Resources
Subsidy and
Tax Holiday
Processed Agricultural
Polycentric
Privatization
Products
(Local Industries)
Scholars Adaptive
Technology
Consumption and
Export
Share-holders
Bonus and
dividends for
Share-holders
Food for
the poor
Employment
Generation
Creating Wealth
ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT AND
POVERTY REDUCTION
123
Fig. 12: he working mechanism of ALEDS towards Polycentric Privatisation
• Second Stage: A Two/Three-Day Programme on
Local/Community Economic Revival Forum
• At LG/community level, it is to be commenced with
a programme tagged, “Local/Community Economic
Revival Forum” which will bring together
representatives of stakeholders/interest groups in
the LG/community.
• (1) For the Niger Delta region, all revolutionaries on
group basis – Ex-militants, Ethnic Militia.
• (2) All unemployed youth LG.
• (3) All existing SGIs as listed earlier in this paper.
• (4) Public officials are members of SGCA as citizens
and not as officials.
124
• Third Stage
• Discussion on the feedback on decisions at the
second stage will take place here.
• Fourth Stage
• The focus of the fourth stage will be on the
selection of two pilot LG/communities for
implementation of the programme.
• Fifth Stage
• At this stage, certain tasks need to be performed
and these are: (a) election of board members and
constitution crafting for the company. (b) resources
mobilization in forms of sale of shares; and (c) the
establishment of factories and industries, etc.
125
• Sixth Stage
• The house (as in the fifth stage) will need to come
together to ratify the constitution & register coy
• Opening of a Bank Account for the company.
• Seventh Stage:
• The sale of shares would commence at this stage.
• Eight Stage:
• On the basis of the projects decided for
implementation, selection of contractors and award
of contracts to construct industries/factories would
take place at this stage. Recruitment of workers
126
• Ninth Stage:
• Construction of projects/ industries (food
processing, fruit processing, fishpond, feed mills,
poultry, rabbitry, goatry, snailry, etc.) will
commence at this stage.
• Cooperative farming and other joint ventures can
also be included in the company’s operations.
• Tenth Stage:
• Immediately after the training, the project would
commence operation. Training would be a
continuous exercise as activities expand.
127
• Eleventh Stage:
• The evaluation of the pilot projects should
commence three months after the commencement
of operation.
• The evaluation should be carried out by a group of
experts and selected stakeholders.
• Twelfth Stage:
• Project revision and modification should commence
after the evaluation.
• Here, all lessons from the pilot projects would be
used to improve the future design of the projects.
128
•
•
•
•
Thirteenth Stage:
This step is concerned with project replication.
Fourteenth Stage:
This stage is for the regional workshop to share and
compare experiences and
• This would mark the end of the first phase of the
programme that must take at least within 26 weeks
(see Table 4).
• Fifteenth Stage:
• This stage is the beginning of the second phase of
the programme and is concerned with project
replication with additional projects across the
129
• Sixteen Stage:
• This is the final stage where experiences gathered
from all the programmes would be collated and
prepared for publication for other part of the
country to adopt.
• Individual Local Government (LG), or a group of LGs
along with groups/associations, industrialists and
individuals can proceed with establishing their firms
and industries,
• This idea can then be spread to other countries in
Africa for implementation.
• The whole process is diagrammatised in Fig. 13.
130
Table 4: Outline of Tasks and Time Frame of Implementation Process
Step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Description of Tasks
Time Frame
State Level Programme for Government’s Officials, industrialists st
1 Week
and financial institutions (2 days), SGIs, Revolutionaries, etc. The
programme is titled, “Economic Revival Summit in South West”
or “Niger Delta Solution Summit” for the Niger Delta region.
LG Level Programme for Stakeholders in 3 LGs (2 days). The nd
2 Week
programme is titled, “Local/Community Economic Revival
Forum.”
Stakeholders shall brief their communities and their groups, and
3rd Week
seek for their opinion and suggestions
Refined Package reflecting feedback from communities/ groups.
4th Week
Decision on Pilot Projects and the selection of communities
Formation of committees and assignments to the committees
(with the assistance from the experts).
Crafting of rules & system of operation by the people at the
LG/community level.
Collation of reports on committees’ assignments (with the
assistance from the experts).
Final decision
Execution of pilot projects
5th Week
6th Week
7th to 8th Week
9th Week
10th Week
11th to 22nd
Week (12 weeks
= 3 months)
11
Projects evaluation
23rd to 24th
Weeks
12
13
Projects modification
Projects replication in other LGs/communities
25th Week
26th Week
onward
131
Economic
Revival
Forum
Forum for Reps. of
Communities/
associations
Refined Package
Pilot Projects
Assistance
from Experts
Inputs
from
Experts
Formation of Committees
Reports on
Committees’
Assignments
Final Decision
Reps. Briefed
Communities/
associations
Feedback from
Communities/
associations
Communities - 1, 2, 3..
Assignments
to Committees
Crafting of
Constitutions,
Rules & System of
Operation
Communities
Members &
Associations
Projects
Executio
n
Projects
Evaluation
Projects Revision
& Modification
Fig. 7: The Process of Polycentric Planning and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Food
132
Security in Oyo State.
Projects
CONCLUSION
• This paper concludes that the Nigerian reliance on
neo-liberal programmes/Western ideologies has
resulted into monumental governance deficit and
economic recession with deepened poverty.
• Using African socio-economic, techno-political,
cultural and environmental configurations, this
paper presents Africentric innovative
ideas/strategies to addressing the current economic
recession, food inflation and development dilemma
in Nigeria.
133
• After several failed attempts in getting Nigerian
leaders (governments and universities) to adopt
Africentric problem-solving strategies,
• this paper attempts transferring Polycentric
Planning, as a problem-solving strategy to
• Planning Students, Nigerian/African Students and
Youth
• In order to get out of recession, it is highly
imperative to domesticate democracy, restructure
the public sphere and political economy; adapt
endogenous knowledge to real life situations in
Nigeria and intellectually empower planning
students and Nigerian students through poly plang.
134
• This paper presents six models and strategies that
have good bearing on economic revival:
• (1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with African
Local Economic Development Strategy (ALEDS),
• (2) African Polycentric Technological Development
Model (APTDM),
• (3) African Employment Generation Model (AGEM),
• (4) African Retirement and Economic Empowerment
Model (AREEM),
• (5) African Polycentric Urban Environmental
Governance Model (APUEGM).
135
• The paper culminates the discussions on (6) African
Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and
Empowerment Model (APSYMEM).
• The paper thereafter charts courses of actions that
Planning students, Nigerian/African students/youth,
religious organisations and
• CSO can take in championing and igniting the
required economic revival strategies for holistic
change and transformation in Nigeria.
• The paper recommends the establishment of
Ministry of Students Union and Youth Dev to focus
on re-orientating students and youth on Nigerian
values, aspirations and entrepreneurial dev.
136
• The application of the models would enable
Nigerian citizens to operate in synergy to resolving
the current economic recession and thereby:
• (i) securing food for the citizens,
• (ii) generating employment opportunities,
• (iii) enhancing economic growth through local
industrialization, and
• (iv) equitably distributing the benefits of economic
growth among the citizenry tru poly priv planning,
shareholding in, and joint ownership of local
industries by the people.
137
• Invariably, this will empower local people
economically, local governments will assume
entrepreneurial roles, revenue base of LGs will be
widened, oil/aid dependency syndrome will be
broken, and states and LGs will be economically
self-reliant and sustainable.
138
THANK YOU ALL
for listening
&
May God bless You,
Planning Students,
Nigerian/African
139