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Transcript
Chapter 5 EGYPT-THE GIFT OF THE NILE NILE RIVER Longest River in the World Starts in Lake Victoria and ends when it flows into the Delta and then the Mediterranean Sea Delta: an area of fertile land at the mouth of a river 4,000 miles long NILE RIVER Floods Used for irrigation Used as a highway among Egyptians Controlled by Hapi, the river god EGYPT Gods Ra the Sun god was the most important Egyptian God He controlled the sun which was the symbol of birth OLD KINGDOM Upper and Lower Egypt was unified in 3100 B.C. by Menes Memphis was the capital Built where Upper and Lower Egypt meet Built near Cairo, Today’s Egyptian Capital Crown was made up of the Upper and Lower Egypt’s crowns to show unifications OLD KINGDOM Lasted from 3100 B.C. to 2186 B.C. Became the center of business Main stop for traders People barter for goods Barter: trading items for items you need Ruled by Pharaohs Egyptians thought they were gods Built Pyramids Tombs for Pharaohs who lived in an afterlife PYRAMIDS Took 20,00 men to build it Took 20 years to build Workers worked when not working in their fields Slaves were used 75 still standing today Most famous are in Giza PHARAOHS Were considered Gods They were to live after death on earth in an Afterlife Pyramid was built and decorated with everything the Pharaoh would need in the next life They controlled every part of Egyptian life OLD KINGDOM Collapsed in 2100 B.C. Pharaohs lost power Priest began to gain power Civil War broke out Natural Disasters No floods MIDDLE KINGDOM Started in 2040 B.C. with a new dynasty of Pharaohs Dynasty: a series of rulers from the same family Capital was Thebes Traded in Asia Dug a long Canal that connected the Nile river to the Red Sea The canal was 300 ft wide The canal was dug in swamp lands so there was plenty of water to run in the canal and the canal was used in irrigation during dry times MIDDLE KINGDOM Pharaohs had to share their power with other officials It was believed that everyone would live together so everyone was Mummified Mummified: embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy Pharaohs were buried in tombs cut into cliffs near Thebes MIDDLE KINGDOM Hyksos invaded Egypt in 1630 B.C. Hyksos had horse-drawn chariots, bronze and iron weapons, and armor They easily defeated the Egyptians Hyksos destroyed Egyptian cities and temples Egyptians drove out the Hyksos in 1570 B.C. THE NEW KINGDOM Started around 1600 B.C. Pharaohs ruled Egypt like the Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom Egypt developed an army like the Hyksos and started to expand the kingdom This expansion was lead by the 1st Woman Pharaoh, Hatshepsut Hatshepsut reign had 20 years of peace THE NEW KINGDOM Thutmose III became ruler after Hatshepsut died and continued to spread Egyptian influence For 20 years Thutmose’s army won victories in Asia, built army bases, and organized a navy to conquer cities along the Mediterranean THE NEW KINGDOM The New Kingdom is also called the Empire Age, due to the vast land that was conquered Conquered people paid taxes so the kingdom also became very wealthy With the money they built temples, palaces, and statues THE NEW KINGDOM The temples, palaces, and statues all had Hieroglyphics on them to tell the stories of Egypt’s victories Hieroglyphics: Egypt a kind of picture writing used in THE NEW KINGDOM Children attended school which were in the temples School was to teach Egyptian beliefs Pharaohs hoped school would make children loyal to Egypt when they grew older Schools trained boys to be scribes Scribes: people who write down important records and religious laws THE NEW KINGDOM Egyptians believed in many gods Belief in many gods is called Polytheism Most important god was Amon-Ra Amon: god of the wind Ra: god of the sun Pharaoh Ikhnaton in 1372 B.C. made the change that the god of sun now called Aton was the most important god and closed down temples of other gods THE NEW KINGDOM Many Egyptians did not like the change to only one God The Pharaoh and priests began to fight over power People in the Empire began to rebel and Egypt lost most of the land they had conquered THE NEW KINGDOM Ramses III took over and rebuilt the Empire but it was never as powerful as it once was He oversaw a building program that built many magnificent structures Examples: obelisks, statues, and temples Obelisks: a tall, pointed stone pillar Ramses III was the last great ruler of Egypt THE NEW KINGDOM Egypt was invaded by many people over the years Persians ruled Egypt until 332 B.C. when Alexander the Great conquered the Persians In 30 B.C., Queen Cleopatra killed herself instead of surrendering Egypt to the Romans Egypt lost all it’s wonder with Cleopatra’s death GIFTS FROM THE EGYPTIANS Papyrus Medicine Art Scrolls found that showed Egyptians knowledge Could set broken bones, check for a heart beat, and deal with high fevers Building A reed from the Nile river that is used to make paper They were skilled builders, Temples, Pyramids Made figures out of wood, bronze, or copper Pottery, Jewelry, and furniture Mathematics System bases on the unit 10, system of weights and measures Used cubits: length of an arm from the end of the middle finger to the elbow Used geometry to survey land QUIZ 5 QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the gift of the Nile? Who was the 1st Woman Pharaoh? How many Kingdoms were there in Egypt? Pharaohs were buried in what? Name two gifts from Egypt. HOMEWORK Page 117, questions 1-5 Page 122, questions 1-5 Page 128, questions 1-5 Page 130, questions 1-5 Pages 134-135, questions 1-10 & 1-5