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Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Do Now! Glorious Emperor Caligula! The Roman people are rioting in the streets because you are such a terrible ruler! You have tried to turn a horse into a senator and you have said that you wish to destroy the Roman people! You need to create a new, fantastic show in the Coliseum in order to distract the people! If you do not distract the people with a truly dazzling show, they will turn against you and overthrow you. Describe your show in detail. Then, sketch your ideas on the picture of the Coliseum below! Mr. Woodward, History Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: During Reading Directions: Read the following primary source interactively (write notes in the margin, underline key words, etc.) with your partner. Answer the questions at the end of each section. Primary Source Marcus Aurelius Thinks Aurelius, c. 170 CE Injustice is a sin. People are meant to help each other so that all may benefit. It is unwise to hurt people. To harm another human is to offend the gods the selves. Dishonesty is also a sin that angers the gods. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: A lie is a sin because to mislead people is an act of injustice. An accidental lie is also a sin because it brings disorder to the world. One must never let himself be put in a position where he is forced to lie. It is also a sin to see fun as the greatest good in the world. Fearing pain is a sin. If a man is afraid of pain, he is afraid of a basic fact of life, and this is a sin. One must not fear pain at all. If a person does something unjust in order to have fun, this as well is a great sin. A person must pay no attention to pain, and not be distracted by fun. There is no time for either. It is sinful to fear pain and to seek fun as the most important goal in life. Despise not death; smile, rather, at its coming. It is natural to accept death. Death is simply a part of life that everyone goes through. A smart person does not become angry with death. A smart person accepts death. Work hard, but do not work hard so that others will admire you. Do not brag about your hard work. Work hard because you want to show how outstanding a citizen you are. All of your problems come from the fact that you have not let reason, or intelligence, guide your actions. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Critical Questions 1. What were the accomplishments of the "Five Good Emperors?" Write at least four sentences and support your answer with a fully-explained quotation from the text. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: 2. What were the problems with the Pax Romana? Write at least four sentences and support your answer with a fully-explained quotation from the text. 3. How were the "Five Good Emperors" different from the Julio-Claudian Dynasty? Write at least four sentences and support your answer with a fully-explained quotation from the text. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Emperors of Rome Pre-Reading: Vocabulary Write a synonym or short definition above each underlined word. Date: Name: Unit VI: Ancient Rome exalted – praised, worshipped like a god emperor – the person who rules an empire, has total power Pax Romana – a period of 100 years of peace in the Roman Empire empire – a large territory controlled by one ruler reliable – can count on regent – person who rules for a child dressing gown – night gown, robe persecuting – punishing, targeting unified – brought together or kept together Emperors of Rome Date: Name: Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Post Reading Questions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. What was the Pax Romana? Which emperor was in charge at the start of this period? 2. List three accomplishments of Augustus’ that you would consider to have been positive for the Roman Empire. 3. What was the Great Fire? Which emperor was in charge at this time? How did he respond to the fire? 4. What positive things did Nero accomplish for Rome? List at least one. Unit VI: Ancient Rome 5. Date: According to the reading, Trajan wanted to “improve the quality of life” for Romans. What do you think that means? How did he go about doing this? 6. Name: Why did Hadrian build walls? Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Emperors of Rome: Augustus 27 bce – 14 ce Emperor Augustus (ruled 27 BCE – 14 AD) Emperor Augustus was not always called Augustus. He was given the name Gaius Octavian when he was born on September 23, 63 BCE. Gaius Octavian was the nephew of Julius Caesar. Caesar’s murder by senators in 44 BCE upset Augustus greatly. At the time of Caesar's assassination, Octavian had no real power in Rome. He was not a military general or a senator. However, after the death of Caesar, his anger at the senators caused him to march into Rome and force the senate to name him the new consul. He held the role of consul until 27 B.C. In that year, the Roman Senate granted Octavian the name Augustus, meaning "the exalted." They also gave him the power to make all decisions about laws, religion, and wars in Rome. The Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Senate would no longer make any major laws or decisions, they would only give advice to Augustus. This decision by the senate officially made Augustus emperor of all of Rome. Rome achieved great glory under Octavian/Augustus. Most importantly, Augustus’s rule began the Pax Romana. He brought peace to Rome by ending more than 100 years of civil war. He also extended the highway system, connecting the city of Rome with the many cities in its empire. In fact, during this time, more than 50, 000 miles of roads were built throughout the empire. He also ordered that bridges, aqueducts and buildings were built, and each building and bridge was beautifully decorated. Augustus emphasized the importance of the arts, including sculpture, painting and writing. Many well-known Roman writers such as Virgil, Horace and Livy gained their fame during the rule of Augustus. Finally, Augustus contributed to Rome’s development by developing a reliable postal service and system of money. The empire expanded under Augustus with his generals gaining territory in Spain, Gaul (now France), Panonia and Dalmatia (now parts of Hungary and Croatia). He also expanded further into Egypt and into most of southwestern Europe up to the Danube River. Unfortunately, his focus on these more southern areas of the empire failed to keep the more northern parts secure. The northern parts of the empire were frequently attacked during the rule of Augustus. In addition, not all Romans agreed with Augustus that art and literature were important, and some Romans protested against his spending money on such things. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Emperors of Rome: Nero 54 ce – 68 ce AD 54 the current emperor, Claudius, died. Most historians believe that his second wife, Agrippina, most likely poisoned him to death. With Claudius dead, Agrippina’s son Nero was named emperor. However, since Nero was not yet seventeen years old, Agrippina was appointed to act as regent Nero did not want to share power with anyone. He quickly acted and had his mother removed from the palace and sent to live far from Rome. (For a few years, anyway. Eventually, he had her killed.) Soon after Agrippina was sent away, Nero’s younger brother, Britannicus, died mysteriously Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: at a dinner party given by Nero. With the two of them out of the way, Nero became the full ruling emperor of Rome. Nero was described as having weak blue eyes, a fat neck, a pot belly and a body which smelled badly and was covered with spots. He usually appeared in public in a sort of dressing gown without a belt, a scarf around his neck and no shoes. Even though he had an odd appearance, Nero did accomplish quite a bit during his early years as emperor. Nero treated the Senate respectfully and gave them more freedom. He reduced taxes throughout the Roman Empire. He also ended the practice of capital punishment in Rome and banned all sports that involved bloodshed, such as gladiator competitions. Nero had a passion for art and encouraged the development of many kinds of art. Nero’s love for the arts, however, also led him to spend a lot of his time painting, writing and acting, rather than spending his time running the government of Rome. His love for himself also led him to build himself an enormous new palace and gardens that were so expensive that the building of them emptied almost the entire Roman treasury. It did not help his reputation that he began his building project just after the “Great Fire” in July AD 64. The fire raged for six days and over half of the city burned to the ground. During the fire, many Romans reported seeing Nero standing on the rooftop of his palace singing, rather than helping to figure out how to fight the fires. Lastly, in order to try to protect himself from blame for the terrible fire, Nero tried to distract the Roman people by persecuting Christians who lived in the Roman empire. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Emperors of Rome: Traian 98 bce – 117 ce Trajan became the emperor in Rome when Nerva, his father through adoption, passed away. Trajan was a soldier, and continued to fight with the Roman army in a war against Germania for several months before returning to begin ruling as emperor. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Once he began ruling, Trajan began many programs aimed at trying to improve the quality of life for Romans. He reduced taxes, increased free food programs for plebeians, and helped to increase the amount of grain available throughout the empire. Trajan also started a building program in Rome, to increase the amount of housing available for people living in the city of Rome. Trajan, unlike Nero, encouraged “bloodsports” and other events that did not show much respect for human life. Trajan, an experienced soldier, led Rome to victories in three separate wars. In these wars, Trajan helped the Roman Empire defend itself against Germania. He also helped to keep the empire unified. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Emperors of Rome: Hadrian 117 ce – 136 ce Date: Name: Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Emperor Hadrian (ruled 117 AD - 136) Hadrian’s parents died when he was young and he was cared for by Trajan and his wife. As a result, when Trajan died of a sudden illness in AD 117, Hadrian was chosen as the next emperor. Hadrian, like Trajan, had proven himself to be a successful soldier. However, as emperor, Hadrian did his best to avoid war. Hadrian encouraged the building of walls between the Roman Empire and its neighboring countries. By building walls, Hadrian successfully avoided war and continued to strengthen the empire. Hadrian was the first of the emperors to actually visit almost every part of the empire. While visiting the many parts of the empire, Hadrian worked to keep the areas far from the city of Rome loyal to Rome. While his visits worked in many places, it actually caused a serious Jewish rebellion in the area of the empire called Judea. As emperor, Hadrian improved the Roman legal system. He helped to update the laws and create new courts. Hadrian got many of his ideas for improvements from his study of Greece. He encouraged the spread of Greek culture and philosophy throughout the Roman Empire. Hadrian did many good things for Rome. However, he did have several personal flaws. For example, Hadrian had a reputation for being unable to tolerate any type of criticism. In fact, he was known for murdering people who disagreed with him, especially political rivals. Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Augustus Positive Accomplishments Negative Accomplishments Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Nero Positive Accomplishments Negative Accomplishments Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Traian Positive Accomplishments Negative Accomplishments Unit VI: Ancient Rome Name: Date: Hadrian Positive Accomplishments Negative Accomplishments Unit VI: Ancient Rome Date: Name: