Download Test Review Key - Hartland High School

Unit 5 Test Review: Cell Cycle and Cancer
Name ____________________________________
Match the following terms to the descriptions below.
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Telophase
D. Cytokinesis
E. Anaphase
F. Metaphase
___E__ 1. The sister chromatids are separating and moving to opposite ends of cell
___C__ 2. The cytoplasm of the cell is dividing.
___F__ 3. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
___A__ 4. The nuclear envelope (membrane) disappears.
___B__ 5. The cell grows and develops.
___A__ 6. The spindle fibers are being formed.
___D__ 7. The actual division of the cell into two new, identical daughter cells.
___A__ 8. The centrioles migrate to the opposite ends of the cell (poles).
___C__ 9. The nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear.
___A__ 10. Chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes.
___B__ 11. Chromatin is the main conformation of DNA during this phase.
___C__ 12. The spindle is broken down during this phase.
___C__ 13. The chromatids uncoil into chromatin.
___B__ 14. The DNA is replicated or copied during this phase.
___D__ 15. This process at the end of telophase signals the end of mitosis and the beginning of interphase.
___C__ 16. The reverse of prophase.
___E__ 17. The centromere is broken down/pulled apart during this phase.
___C__ 18. The centrioles are broken down during this phase.
___B__ 19. The cell is building organelles that it needs to survive and for cell division (i.e. centrioles, etc.)
___B__ 20. Chromosomes are not visible during this phase.
___E__ 21. The spindle shortens during this phase, pulling apart chromosomes.
___B__ 22. The phase where the cell is not dividing.
23. Another name for cell division is _____Mitosis______.
24. The two major parts of the cell cycle are _____Interphase_______ and ______Mitosis______.
25. What is the name of the structure that connects the two sister chromatids together to form a
chromosome? _______Centromere______.
26. DNA has three forms but what is the difference between chromosomes, sister chromatids, and
chromatin?
CHROMATIN is uncoiled and the form that DNA is usually found in a cell that is NOT dividing.
When a cell is going to divide, it coils up the chromatin to form CHROMOSOMES, which are
packages of DNA that are much easier to divide evenly among the 2 new cells. A chromosome is
made up of two sister CHROMATIDS and a centromere.
27. What structure anchors the spindle? ______centriole_______.
28. Label the boxes (they are lettered) in the diagram below with the correct stage of the cell cycle. Then
label the individual structures (they are the numbered ones) in the diagram as well.
29. How many daughter cells are created from mitosis and cytokinesis? _________2_______________
30. During what phase does cytokinesis begin? __________Telophase_______________
31. In the cell pictured in the above diagram, how many chromosomes are present during prophase? __4__
32. What is the purpose of mitosis? Why do cells need to reproduce?
To replace old/dead cells (i.e. skin cells, etc.), for growth and development (need more cells in
order to get bigger), and to produce identical daughter cells (do not want our cells to look
different or our bodies will not recognize them as our own).
33. How many phases are in MITOSIS? ______4__________
34. Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest? ___Interphase__________
35. Which phase of mitosis is the longest? ___Prophase___________
36. Label the structures and phases below for more practice.
centrioles
Spindle
Chromatin
Interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
37. Why is it important for a cell’s DNA to be duplicated before cell division?
The DNA needs to be duplicated before the cell divides SO THAT both new daughter cells have the
SAME AMOUNT of DNA.
5
3
1
4
2
38. Place numbers under the pictures in the diagram above showing the cell cycle to order them first to last.
39. What are the duplicate halves of a chromosome called? ________Chromatids___________
40. Draw a chromosome below. Label sister chromatid and centromere.
41. During which phase of the cell cycle is chromatin doubled into what will become sister chromatids?
Interphase
42. What is the spindle?
The spindle is a set of fibers that forms during prophase that help to position chromosomes
during metaphase and pull them apart during anaphase.
43. What is the centriole?
The centriole is an organelle that forms during interphase (growth period) and is that anchor
for the spindle fibers and helps shorten the spindle during anaphase to pull apart
chromosomes and move them to the opposite ends of the cell.
44. Fill in the chart below.
Interphase
Prophase
DNA is called
Chromatin because it
is uncoiled and in
strands surrounding
proteins.
1. Cell grows and develops
DNA is
Copied/Duplicated
during Interphase
DNA is called
Chromosomes
4. Cell builds organelles and structures that it needs
(i.e. centrioles)
2. Cell carries out protein synthesis
3. Cell spends 90% of its life in this stage.
1. Spindle Fibers form
2. Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of cell (poles)
In this stage,
chromatin from
interphase coils up
into visible
chromosomes.
Metaphase
DNA is called
chromosomes
3. Nuclear Envelope and Nucleolus disappear
4. Chromatin coils up into chromosomes
1. The spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and
move them to the middle or equator of the cell.
Anaphase
DNA is called
chromatids
1. The centromere of the chromosome splits and the
two sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends
of the cell.
Telophase
DNA is called
Chromatin
1. Chromatids uncoil into chromatin
2. Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope Reappear
3. Spindle breaks down
4. Centrioles break down
45. At the end of telophase, the cell divides into 2 daughter cells via a process called _cytokinesis____
46. What is cancer? Uncontrolled Mitosis or Uncontrolled Cell Division. There must be a change in
the DNA (mutation) that causes the cell to lose control of its cell cycle and constantly divide
47. What are some of the factors that might lead to cancer in humans? List several.
UV radiation from the sun, Air and Water Pollution, Asbestos, tobacco products including
smoking, viruses, mercury, etc.
48. What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
A benign tumor is considered non-cancerous and will not spread because it is encapsulated. A
malignant tumor is considered cancerous and can spread if not treated. A malignant tumor
will metastasize.
49. What is metastasis? What is happening when cancer metastasizes?
Metastasis is the spread of cancer from the area where it started to other parts of the body.
When cancer metastasizes, it is spreading and cancer is moving to different and much worse
stages of development.
50. What are the molecules that help regulate the cell cycle called? ______Enzymes_________
51. Into which group of macromolecules are the molecules above classified as? ___Proteins_____
52. What is remission?
Remission is when cancer recedes (goes away) and there is no detectable trace of it left. It
occurs after a course of treatment like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or surgery to
remove the cancer.
53. What is the name of the specialist physician a person would see if they had a cancer? _Oncologist__
54. What are some of the practices that humans can do to reduce their risk of cancer? List several
Eating healthy and avoid eating meals consistently high in fat; by wearing sunscreen;
55. Order the steps of cancer formation below from first to last using numbers 1-6.
__5__ A tumor develops (person has cancer)
__2__ Defective DNA codes for a defective gene
__1___ A mutagen or carcinogen causes an error
to occur in DNA
__4__ The cell cycle cannot stop because
enzymes are damaged
__6__ Metastasis of cancer
__3__ The defective gene creates a faulty
enzyme
56. What are some of the more common treatments for various cancer types?
Some cancers can be treated through dietary changes.
Chemotherapy – injecting the patient with chemicals that specifically target cells that are
dividing (going through mitosis) which in turn targets tumor/cancerous cells.
Radiation therapy – where the medical teams target tumors/cancerous cells with radiation
such as x-rays to kill off these bad cells.
Nuclear medicine – where the patient is injected with radioactive elements that specifically
target tumors and cancerous cells in hopes to reduce the size of tumor or kill it entirely.
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Figure 9.3
_A__ 57. Which of the cells depicted in the line graph in Figure 9.3 are most likely cancerous?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
_D__ 58. If cancer is present, what is the likely explanation for what happened to the cells depicted in the
curves labeled B and D in Figure 9.3?
A. They thrived with the cancerous cells.
B. They were harmed by radiation therapy.
C. They died off due to natural causes.
D. They died off because the cancerous cells deprived them of nutrie