* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cognate Accusative
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic nouns and adjectives wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic definite article wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic 432 Handout Cognate Accusative Cognate Accusative The cognate accusative (ﻄَﻠﻖ ْ ُاﳌ )اﳌَْﻔﻌﻮلis a special stylistic use of the accusa- tive case in Arabic. It occurs fairly frequently, but it can usually be replaced by other expressions. Thus, you do not necessarily need to be able to use it yourself, but you do need to recognize it when you see it. In English, you would not usually say something like: He helped me a great deal of help. You would probably be told by your writing teacher to say instead: He helped me a great deal. or He gave me a great deal of help. This is because English style frowns on the repetition of a verb and a noun of the same derivation (in this case help) too close together. It is thought to be confusing. In Arabic (perhaps because verbs and masdars are not easily confused with one another) this kind of repetition is considered a mark of good style. Repeating the verbal noun after the verb makes the sentence more emphatic. So, to see the following would not be considered at all odd, even in very contemporary Arabic: ًﻈﻴﻤﺔ َ ﺴﺎﻋَﺪةً َﻋ َ ﺳﺎﻋَﺪﻧﻲ ُﻣ َ You, of course, would not want to translate it literally (as " He helped me a great help " ) into English, but would instead want change it so that it sounds more natural in that language--as " he helped me greatly " or " he gave me a great deal of help." The cognate accusative may also take the form of an idafa. These are usually of two kinds. In the first kind, the first term (al-mudaf) is usually a partitive noun (like ﻞ ُﻛ ﱞor ﺾ # َﺑْﻌ, which will be in the accusative case) or an elative. .ِﺸﺎرَﻛﺔ ِ اﻻﺟِﺘ َ ﻤﺎع ُﻛﱠﻞ ُاﳌ ْ ﺷﺎرْﻛﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ َ We participated fully in the meeting. Here (as you can see) the masdar is definite. This is the usual procedure for these kinds of constructions. 1 Arabic 432 Handout Cognate Accusative With the second kind of idafa construction, the masdar is the mudaf, and the mudaf ilayhi is a noun giving more information about who (or what) is doing the action. .ﻳﻦ ِ اﳊﺰ َ اﻟﺮُﺟِﻞ َ ﺖ َﺑْﻴَﺘﻬﺎ َﺗْﺮ ُ َﺗَﺮْﻛ ك ﱠ I left her house as a sad man would. (Literally: I left her house [with] the leaving of the sad man.) Here are some other examples of cognate accusative (all taken from Najib Mahfuz' s novel Al-Khan al-Khalili): (٩٥ . )ص.ﺳﻨﻪ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻚ ارﺗﺒﺎﻛﻪ وﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ.١ ّ ﺗﺘﺼﻮر أن رﺟﻼ ﻓﻲ ّ ِ اﻟﻀْﻴ (٩٥ .)ص. ِﻟَﻤْﻦ َﻳْﺴَﺘْﻘِﺒﻠُﻪK اﺑﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﱠ اﺑﺘﺴﻤﺖ ﻟﻌﻠّﻬﺎ.٢ َ ْ (٩٨ . )ص.ﺷﺪﻳﺪا ً ًاﻵﺧﺮ اﻣﺘِﻌﺎﺿﺎ واﻣﺘﻌﺾ.٣ ُ (١٠١ . )ص.ﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮًا ِﺟّﺪّﻳًﺎ ّ و.٤ 2