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What is the Cold War?
 The cold war is actually not a war, but a series of
conflicts and competitions between the communist
Soviet Union and the non-communist United States.
 Because the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. never actually fought
in the “heat” of battle, it is called the “cold” war.
 The cold war era lasted from the end of WWII until
the mid 1990’s
2
What is the Cold War?
United States vs. Soviet Union
•
•
•
•
Korean War
Vietnam War
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile
Crisis
• Space Race
• Arms Race
• Red Scare
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4
The Berlin Blockade, Airlift, and Wall
Crisis in Berlin
 What happened to Germany as a result of the Yalta
Conference?
Decided to Divide Germany into four zones
2. Great Britain, United States, France, and Soviet Union
each took one of the four zones.
3. Did the same with the city of Berlin
 The Soviet Union was communist, while to other
countries were non communist.
 Later the U.S. Great Britain & France combine their
sections to form the democratic country of West
Germany; the Soviet section becomes the communist
country of East Germany
 The same is done to form East & West Berlin.
1.
6
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
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Improve your knowledge
 The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all zones
of the city but were stopped by German
democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad
Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to
admit the Americans, French and British to
their respective zones.
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Crisis in Berlin
 Crisis in Berlin
1. German Capital divided into four zones

Non-communist west included U.S., Great Britain, and
France. Soviets controlled East Berlin
Communism surrounded West Berlin
3. U.S. wanted a united Germany for the future prosperity
of all of Europe
4. Soviet Union wanted weak Germany so that they could
keep control in region.
2.
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Crisis in Berlin
 Berlin Blockade
5. U.S., Great Britain, and France reunite West Berlin.
6. Soviets Blocked all of West Berlin and blocked all
necessary supplies from getting into the city which was
Stalin’s attempt to disrupt a united West Berlin.
7. President Truman's response: “We stay in Berlin.
Period.”
8. No military force used. Instead, we used an airlift to
fly supplies from West Germany into West Berlin for 10
months.
10
Crisis in Berlin
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Crisis in Berlin
 It was very clear that Western Berlin was much nicer
than Eastern Berlin.
 Remember, communism has a lower standard of living
than capitalism.
 The Soviet Union wanted to stop having East Berliners
leaving to the West.
Build a wall to separate the two sides = Berlin Wall
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Berlin Wall
 Berlin Wall - August 13, 1961 the East Germany closed the border
between East and West Berlin with a wall of concrete blocks and
barbed wire to stop East Germans from fleeing to the West.
The Berlin Wall symbolized Communist repression
13
Berlin Wall
14
West Germany
East Germany
15
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
 The Berlin Wall remained a repressive
symbol of Soviet communism.
1.
In order to calm rising protests in East
Germany, the government opened the
gates of the Berlin Wall on November 9,
1989.
 Thousands of East Berliners poured
into West Berlin.
 West Berliners celebrate at wall
November 10, 1989
 Communism falls in other countries as
well.
 Berliners pulled down the razor wire
and spontaneously began ripping
down the wall with axes and
sledgehammers and their bare hands.
 Time Photostory
2.
Less than a year later, East Germany and
West Germany were reunified as one
country.
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The Fall of the Berlin Wall
 When the Berlin Wall was torn down, it symbolized the
end of communism.
 In the following years more and more communist
countries ended the “communist experiment.”
 Most countries changed to an economic system with a
mixture of socialism and capitalism.
 The only “communist” countries still around today are:
Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Cuba, and North Korea.
 Most of these are actually socialist, despite claiming to be
communist
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Iron Curtain
 How did the Soviet’s efforts to spread communism
lead to a rise in tensions between the Soviets and the
U.S.? What did the U.S. do?
 Split in Europe Communism in East and Free (non



Communist) West
“Iron Curtain” division in Europe between Communist
East and Non-communist West
Soviet Union: wanted to expand Communism.
The U.S.: wanted to contain Communism and keep it
from spreading.
This led to rising tensions between the two countries.
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Iron Curtain
 How did the U.S. and Soviet
Union bring together rival
alliances? What were the
two organizations called?
 NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization):
1.
2.
3.
U.S. alliances that were
Non-Communist
Included 10 nations
Each nation aids one
another if anyone is
attacked
 Warsaw Pact
1.
Soviet Communist
alliances
2.
“Satellite” nations
 See Map
20
The Bipolarization of Europe
The Iron Curtain
22
Formation of United Nations (UN)
 United Nations formed:
 U.S. and fifty other nations come
together in hopes of preventing
future wars and settle international
disputes


General Assembly – All members - 1
vote each – no enforcement power
Security Council – 5 permanent
member (U.S., Britain, France, China
& Russia) have veto power – 6 other
members (now 10)
 Sanctions and military power
23
Formation of United Nations (UN)
 The United Nations is still around today.
 It was a replacement to the ineffective League of Nations
from WWI
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The United Nations
 The 5 security council members (U.S., U.K., France, Soviet
Union, and China) who have veto power very rarely agree
on something.
 One of the only conflicts approved was the Korean War.
Russia was so outraged by the issue they boycotted (didn't
attend) the vote in the Security Council and the other 4
voted without them. That was the last time they boycotted
a session.
 This disagreement is why the U.N. has been mostly
ineffective other than providing humanitarian relief and
not actually stopping global conflicts; the security council
is always split on what side to take.
25
Domino Theory
-Once one country fell to communism, more
countries would fall.
26
Containment
 Because of the growing
threat of communism
spreading, the U.S.
enforced a policy of
“containment.”
 It meant the U.S. would
try to contain communism
and not let it spread.
27
Containment
28
Containment: Proxy War
 Proxy Wars:
 A war instigated by a major power that does not itself
become involved.


The major powers in this case are the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
Think about the word “proximity”: you aren’t there, but you
are close and/or involved.
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of
third world people.
 Communist government vs. Capitalist government
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Containment: Proxy Wars
 The U.S.:
 Event 1: Put containment into full effect when a Civil
War raged in Greece and Communist tried to overthrow
a pro-western non communist government.
 Event 2: Soviets also pressured Turkey to give them key
straits in their country leading to the Mediterranean Sea
for trading.
 Economies not doing well in both Greece and Turkey
30
Containment: Proxy Wars
 Independence movements: (What type of economic
system do these new independent countries choose?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Philippines
India
Pakistan
Burma
25 African nations in 1950’s and 1960’s
Jews and Arabs fight in Palestine
UN divides Palestine up into independent Jewish and
Arab States
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Containment
 Because so many parts of the world were facing the possibility of
shifting to a communist economic system, the U.S. response was
the following with the goal of keeping these countries from
turning communist.
 The Truman Doctrine
1.
United States provided immediate aid to Greece and Turkey
2.
In the long run it pledged that the U.S. would fight the spread of
Communism worldwide.
 The Marshall Plan
1.
Western European Economies in turmoil
2.
Fear that communism would appeal to these countries
3.
U.S. gives 13 billion dollars to help economies
4.
Economies rebound weakening the appeal of Communism
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Containment: Proxy War
Suez Crisis
1.







Suez canal French controlled
Egypt takes control from France
Egypt got their weapons from communist Czechoslovakia.
Britain and France invade
U.S. upset worries about War with Soviets
Britain and France pull out
Containment concern: Other nations like Egypt began
accepting Soviet aid.
33
Containment: Proxy War
34
Containment
 What happened in China in 1949? Why was it a
concern for the U.S.?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Asia’s largest country
Communist forces under the direction of Mao Zedong
defeats Non- Communist Chiang Kai- Shek
China falls to Communism
Communism is not being “contained” at this point
Why is this so important? ---MAJOR CONNECTION
TO THE KOREAN WAR!
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8.7.1, 8.7.3, 8.7.8
The Korean War
 What were the events that led up to the
Korean War?
Japan defeated after WWII.
2. Allies disarm Japanese stationed there and split Korea
at the 38th parallel (Soviets North, Americans, South
See Map)
3. Communism north, non-communist South
4. Soviet backed North Korea surprise attacks South
Korea June 25, 1950 (see map)
 Video
1.
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Korean War
 What occurred during the early phase of the war? What
happened when the United Nations (UN) moved toward
China while in North Korea?
Because it was a surprise attack the South Koreans were
driven all the way back to the port of Pusan (see map)
2. Truman reacts quickly “Korea is the Greece of the far east”
Stand up against communism
3. UN troops sent (mostly American) under the direction of
Gen. MacArthur. Makes daring landing in the middle of the
Korean Peninsula near the port of Inchon. Attacked from
behind the lines. (see map)
4. Took city and began to push North Korean forces back
north.
1.
39
Korean War
 Tide turns
5. MacArthur encourages Truman to attack North Korea: Goal
to create unified DEMOCRATIC Korea

Connection : What happened to China in 1949?
6. China is just to the north of Korea (See Map) Chinese forces
see UN driving north and beating North Korea as a threat.
(see map)
7. MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun
when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of
November 25.
8. Chinese attack driving back through South Korea (see map)
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MacArthur at Inchon
Landing. Led the UN
which was approx.
80% United States
forces.
41
Korean War
 How did President Truman and General MacArthur
disagree over how to fight in Korea?


MacArthur urged Truman to use atomic bombs to bomb
Chinese bases and supply lines. Ensured Truman quick victory
in Korea
Truman denies MacArthur’s request: Worries Soviets and
Chinese would get involved WWIII? REMEMBER
ALLIANCES: NATO and WARSAW PACT
9. MacArthur publicly criticizes president: Strong public
support for MacArthur. (WWII hero)

Truman fires MacArthur
42
•Skip Maps
Korean War
 How did the Korean War end? How does this tie to our
lives today?
 General Matt Ridgeway takes over driving North Korean
forces back to the 38th Parallel
 Stalemate war ends where it starts No Victory for either
side. (See Map) Demilitarized Zone set up or DMZ (See
map)
 Many Lives Lost (See UN List)
43
Korean War
 Korea is still divided today and American troops are
guarding 38th parallel. Problems with North Korea in the
news often.
 The War was a statement to Soviets that America is
willing to show force if necessary to block spread of
communism.
 Discuss:



Was there a victory for either side in Korea?
What would have happened if we did not get involved at all?
Should we have gotten involved?
44
Korean War Begins
Communist North Korea
backed by the Soviets invades
South Korea
Back
•BACK
45
American and UN
forces driven back
to Pusan
Back
•BACK
46
MacArthur Surprise
Attack
Back
•BACK
47
UN forces drive
North Korean almost
to Yalu River. (Border
between China and
North Korea)
Back
•BACK
48
Chinese Strike back
and drive UN forces
back south
Back
•BACK
49
Stalemate in Korea
Back
•BACK
50
DMZ located in the
middle of the two
countries.
American troops
along this Zone
today.
Back
•BACK
51
United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)
Australia - 339
Netherlands - 116
New Zealand - 31
Belgium - 97
Norway (noncombat role)
Canada - 516
South Africa - 20
Colombia - 146
Philippines - 92
Denmark (noncombat role)
South Korea – 137,899
Ethiopia - 122
Sweden (noncombat role)
France - 287
Thailand - 136
Greece - 194
Turkey - 721
India (noncombat role)
United Kingdom – 1,078
Italy (noncombat role)
Luxembourg - 7
•BACK
United States – 33,741
United Nations - 932,964 troops served 52
• Note the
locations of
the
countries:
•Soviet
Union/
Russia
•China
•N. Korea
•S. Korea
•BACK
53
Korea Split after
WWII.
Back
•BACK
54
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8.7.2, 8.7.5
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Red Scare, the 1950’s, The Arms Race, Cuban Missile
Crisis, The Space Race
The Hunt For Communists
58
The Red Scare
 The red scare was the fear that there
were Soviet communist spies all
around the U.S.
 Americans fear sabotage from Soviets
 Red Scare leads to uncover
communists
 HUAC- House held hearings against
alleged or suspected communists in
America
 Hollywood communists: 10 to jail
refusing to answer about political
beliefs
 McCarran Act- All communist groups
register with gov’t
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 Spies
 Alger Hiss
 Rosenberg's



The Red Scare
Accused of passing Soviets secrets about atomic bomb.
Denied charges, but sentenced to death
All part of Red Scare
 McCarthyism (1950-1954)
 Senator of Wisconsin
 Thought that there were communists in the government
 Unproven charges against people.
 Caused many innocent Americans their careers.
 Claimed their were communists in the U.S. Army
 December 1954 senate criticized him of conduct unbecoming
of a Senator.
60
Communists in the Government?
Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
Alger Hiss
61
Joseph McCarthy
His name has come to be associated with accusing someone of
disloyalty without having any evidence
Joseph McCarthy
defends McCarthyism
Edward R. Murrow
(famous TV reporter)
defends against
McCarthyism
62
America in the 1950’s
 What did Eisenhower do to promote success at home
and compete with the Soviets abroad?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Moderate in domestic policy
Conservatives and Liberals both criticized him.
Smaller government. Cut federal programs
Free enterprise-support private businesses
Shift some financial power to the states
1961 budget Surplus of 300 million
Interstate Highway Act
63
America in the 1950’s
 How did the booming economy change the social and
cultural life of Americans during the 1950’s?
1. American Dream - Suburbia
Economy boomed in the 1950’s (See Video)
II. TV and movies represent 50’s culture (See Video)
III. Music See Video
IV. Family life See Video
See additional slides.
I.
64
The Arms Race
 After the use of the atomic bomb at the end of WWII,
countries begin to create more weapons. They also
improve the weapons to make them stronger as well.
 Multiple countries did this, but the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
lead the way and had the most nuclear weapons
stockpiled.
 Neither country ended up using these weapons with
the fear of creating WWIII or the destruction of both
countries.
65
• The threat of a
nuclear WWIII
was very real.
• JFK and Soviet
Leader Nikita
Khrushchev.
66
Types of Weapons
 Atomic Bomb
 Hydrogen Bomb
 Nuclear Bomb
 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
67
The Arms Race
68
The Arms Race
69
Cuban Missile Crisis
70
Cuban Missile Crisis
 The Kennedy administration responded to Cold War crises in
Cuba and Berlin
 Communist dictator Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in
1959. Cuba becomes an ally of the Soviet Union.
 Bay of Pigs – April, 1961 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles
attempted to overthrow Castro .


U. S. fails to provide promised air support and Cuban forces are
crushed
Soviet premier Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy was not a strong
leader and could be bullied.
 Connects to Berlin Wall
 He tells Kennedy that the West must move out of Berlin
 Kennedy refuses & sends additional troops
71
Cuban Missile Crisis
 The U.S. forced the Soviets to withdraw its missiles from Cuba
In mid-October 1962, an American spy plane discovered the Soviets
building launching sites for nuclear missiles


Missiles would be minutes away from the United States
72
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy ordered the navy to blockade Cuba until the Soviets
removed the missiles




Threatens to destroy any Soviet ship that tried to break through the
blockade and reach the island.
After five agonizing days, the Soviet ships turned back and
Soviet leaders agreed to withdraw their missiles from Cuba
In the summer of 1963, Kennedy and Khrushchev created the
hot line between Moscow and Washington to allow the leaders
to communicate instantly in times
of crisis
73
Space Race
 Part of the competition with the Soviets was to be the
most technologically advanced country in the world.
No better gauge of that was the space program of the
Soviets and the Americans.
74
Space Race
1. In 1957 the Soviets launch Sputnik (Russian for
“traveler”) (Video)
It was the first man made object to orbit earth
75
Space Race
In 1958 America responds through the creation of NASA.
3.
4. In April 1961, Soviets have first person to orbit the Earth

5.
While NASA calls the people traveling to space “astronauts”, the
Soviets called their people “cosmonauts.”
One month later the first American makes a spaceflight.
76
Space Race
77
Space Race
6. In 1962 the first American orbits the Earth.
7. On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong
took the first human step on the moon.
78
John F. Kennedy took
the presidential oath
of office on January
20, 1961 at the age of
43. The 1960’s and
1970’s were years of
idealism. They also
turned out to be a
time of uncertainty,
tragedy, and turmoil
for Americans of all
ages.
80
Kennedy’s Foreign Policy
 Essential Question What were the key foreign policy
challenges the United States faced during the Kennedy
administration?
81
New Directions
 President Kennedy sought new ways to deal with the challenges
and fears of the Cold War
1. Increased spending on nuclear arms, but tried to convince the Soviets to
agree to a ban on nuclear testing
 Kennedy improved America’s ability to respond to Communism
where it threatened to take control of nations’ governments
2. Creates the Special Forces (Green Berets) to help counter guerrilla
warfare
3. Creates the Peace Corps
 provided aid to poor countries to counteract the appeal of
communism
 provided volunteers who worked in other countries as teachers,
health workers, and advisers in farming, industry, and government
82
What Is Your Opinion?
Discuss this question with your group. Make sure you
discuss why
 Should the United States continue to spend money on
programs like the Peace Corps which help foreign
nations when we have so much need in our own
country?
83
The 36th president of the
President Lyndon Johnson
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy traveled to
Dallas, Texas, on a political tour. As his
convertible past cheering crowds, gun shots
rang out. The president slumped in his
seat. Later, John F. Kennedy died. That
afternoon, Vice President Lyndon
Johnson was sworn in as President. Chief
justice Earl Warren later concluded that a
lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, had
murdered the President. Lee Harvey Oswald
was killed by another gunman. Today most
historians agree with the Warren
commission blaming Lee Harvey Oswald for
the murder. President Johnson steered many
of Kennedy’s proposals through Congress.
In November, 1964, voters returned him to
the White House in a landslide victory as
President
84
8.7.3, 8.7.6
86
The Vietnam War
 Essential Question How and why did America involve
itself in the war in Vietnam?
87
88
U.S. and Vietnam
 Vietnam became a divided country as a result of conflict
between Communist and non-Communist groups.
 The roots of the Vietnam conflict go back to World War II,
when Vietnamese forces led by Communist Ho Chi Minh
fought against the Japanese.
1. After WWII, Vietnam declared its independence and
fights a war with France who claimed it was still a
French colony
2. Geneva Accords, a peace conference in Geneva,
Switzerland in 1954 decided that Vietnam would be
divided temporarily and unified in 1956 after national
elections.
89
U.S. and Vietnam
In 1955, to avoid a Communist victory, the U.S. supported
Ngo Dinh Diem (a dictator) as South Vietnam’s leader.
Diem, with U.S. backing, refused to hold elections, and
cracked down on Communists in the South.
4. The Vietcong (who were communists), as well as the
North Vietnamese, began a war against the Diem regime
in the south in 1959.
5. To support South Vietnam, Presidents Eisenhower and
Kennedy sent billions of dollars and troops to train and
advise South Vietnamese troops.
3.

They were not officially combat troops
90
91
The Conflict Deepens
 To stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, the United States
became involved in a war in Vietnam
1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - gave Johnson broad authority to use American
forces:
 By 1964 President Johnson is looking for a reason to expand U.S,
involvement
 North Vietnamese patrol boats allegedly attacked American destroyers in
the Gulf of Tonkin (later this is found to be untrue)
 In 1965 President Johnson escalates U.S. involvement in Vietnam.



2.
About 180,000 U.S. soldiers were in Vietnam by the end of 1965
almost 400,000 by the end of 1966
more than 500,000 by 1968
Dense jungles, muddy trails, and swampy rice paddies and no clear enemy
lines made fighting a ground war in Vietnam difficult.
92
The Conflict Deepens
 Vietnam weapons and tactics:
1.
2.
3.
The American forces began to conduct search-and-destroy
missions, the goal of which was to seek out Vietcong or North
Vietnamese units and destroy them.
Underground Tunnels: Walking or fighting right above the enemy
and do not know it.
Both sides used planes to drop napalm, an explosive that burned
intensely, to destroy jungle growth. This helped fight against an
enemy that they could not see.
Napalm
Search & Destroy
93
94
The Uncertain Enemy
· Jungle warfare was
difficult, and it was hard to
locate the enemy.
· In addition, it was very
difficult to identify which
South Vietnamese were our
allies and which were
supporting the Vietcong.
Ex Vietcong showing secret
tunnels, November 7, 2004
95
96
The Conflict Deepens
4.
To improve visibility, chemical herbicides were sprayed in Vietnam to
clear out forests and tall grasses.

Agent Orange is believed to have contaminated many Americans
and Vietnamese, causing serious health problems

As the war dragged on, some officials began to argue that the
ground war and the air attacks had failed and that the war could
not be won. While other guest speakers that fought in the war
claimed that if the U.S. did not get out, the U.S. would have won.
97
Primary Source:
"Napalm is the most terrible pain you can imagine," said Kim
Phuc. “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Napalm generates
temperatures of 800 to 1,200 degrees Celsius.”
• Phuc sustained third-degree burns to half her body and was
not expected to live. Thanks to the assistance of South
Vietnamese photographer Nick Ut, and after surviving a
14-month hospital stay and 17 operations, Phuc eventually
recovered.
98
Agent Orange
was the nickname
given to a
herbicide and
defoliant used by
the U.S. military
in its Herbicidal
Warfare program
during the
Vietnam War.
Crop dusting in
Vietnam during
Operation Ranch
Hand lasted from
1962 to 1971.
99
A guerrilla in the Mekong Delta paddles through a
mangrove forest defoliated by Agent Orange (1970).100
Effects of Agent Orange
Images taken from Agent Orange: "Collateral Damage" in Vietnam by
Philip Jones Griffiths
101
102
Conflict at Home
 Essential Question How did the Vietnam War affect
the political and social climate in the United States?
103
The Youth Protest
 The war in Vietnam led to sharp divisions between
Americans who supported the war and those who did not
 As U.S. involvement in the war increased, so did opposition to
it.

Many who opposed the war were part of the counterculture (hippies), a movement
that rejected traditional American values.
 Those opposed to the war believed that by ending the draft,
they could halt the supply of soldiers needed to fight there

Draft boards could give people deferments that excused them from the draft for
various reasons.
 Many people felt the draft was unfair.

Many argued that deferments discriminated against poor or working-class
families.
104
The Youth Protest
 Some protesters became conscientious objectors, claiming
that their moral or religious beliefs prevented them from
fighting in the war.
 Doves: opponents of the Vietnam War.
 Hawks: supporters of the war.
 Both hawks and doves criticized the president for the way the
government conducted the war in Vietnam, and his approval
rating greatly declined
105
1968 – Year of Crisis
 The year 1968 was a turning point in the Vietnam War
that greatly affected the nation’s political life.
1. Tet Offensive - January 31, 1968, the North Vietnamese and
Vietcong launched a series of attacks, which marked a turning
point in the War.
 The American people were shocked that an enemy
supposedly close to defeat could launch such a large-scale
attack, and the Johnson administration developed a
credibility gap—fewer people
trusted its statements about the war.
 As opposition to the war grew, President Johnson faced
challenges in his own party.
106
The Tet Offensive:
A Turning Point
· In January of 1968, the
Vietcong launched
surprise attacks on cities
throughout South Vietnam.
· The American embassy
was attacked as well in the
South Vietnamese capital
of Saigon.
107
1968 – Year of Crisis
2.
3.
On the evening of April 4th, a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee, shot and
killed Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the leading activist in the civil rights
movement.
In June, an assassin shot and killed Robert Kennedy.
108
1968 – Year of Crisis
5. Violence erupted between anti-war protesters and police
outside of Democratic Convention.


At the Democratic convention, antiwar Democrats felt angry and
excluded by the almost certain victory for Humphrey.
Humphrey won the nomination, but the violence—all shown on T.V.—
damaged his candidacy
109
The War Ends
 Essential Question How did the Vietnam War end?
110
Peace With Honor
 Nixon developed a new strategy for the war and
took steps to reform the draft
Draft Lottery - College students could no longer obtain draft
deferments, only 19-year-olds could serve in Vietnam, and
draftees would be chosen by lottery based on their birthdays.
2. The peace talks in Paris were not making any progress.
3. Vietnamization - called for the South Vietnamese to take a
more active role in fighting
4. At the same time President Nixon expanded the war by
ordering the bombing of enemy supply routes and hideouts in
neighboring Cambodia and Laos
1.
111
In June 1969, Nixon announced a
policy known as Vietnamization.
U.S. troops
gradually withdrew
from Vietnam.
The South
Vietnamese
assumed
responsibility for
the war.
113
Civil War in
Cambodia
· The U.S. and
South
Vietnamese
began to secretly
bomb communist
bases in
Cambodia used
by the North
Vietnamese.
114
· Cambodia soon fought a civil war, which was won by the
communist Khmer Rouge in 1975, whereupon they changed
the name of the country to Kampuchea.
115
· The
Khmer Rouge were brutal leaders, killing approximately
two million people in just a few short years.
116
Antiwar Protests
 A new wave of antiwar protests gripped the nation
 Antiwar demonstrations began in late 1969, reflecting the growing sentiment for
ending the war
 In April 1970, Nixon decided to send American troops to destroy Communist
bases in Cambodia, sparking protests on college campuses



When students at Kent State University protested, Ohio’s governor declared martial
law, and National Guard troops shot and killed four unarmed students
Following a night of campus protests, two students were shot and killed at Jackson
State University in Mississippi
In addition to sparking violence on campuses, the Cambodian invasion cost Nixon
much support in Congress
 Leaked Defense Department documents, known as the Pentagon Papers,
revealed that many government officials during the Johnson administration
privately opposed the war while publicly supporting it.
117
· On May 4,
1970, the Ohio
National Guard
killed 4 antiwar protesters
at Kent State
University.
This Pulitzer Prize winning photo shows Mary Ann Vecchio
screaming as she kneels over the body of student Jeffrey Miller at
Kent State University. National Guardsmen had fired into a
crowd of demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine. 118
The U.S. and North Vietnam held peace talks in
Paris, but for three years, neither side would
budge in its position.
The U.S. wanted
all North
Vietnamese
troops out of
South Vietnam.
North Vietnam
wanted the
withdrawal of all
U.S. troops.
They also wanted
the government
of South Vietnam
to include
communist
representatives.
Peace With Honor
 Polls showed that nearly two-thirds of Americans wanted the war
to end quickly, and on January 27, 1973, negotiators signed a peace
agreement.
 The United States did not get anything that wasn’t offered in 1968
 The United States agreed to pull its remaining troops out of the country,
and the North Vietnamese agreed to return all American prisoners of
war.
 From 1968 – 1972 20,000 U.S. soldiers died while “peace with honor” was
negotiated - more than the death toll for the rest of the war
 The North Vietnamese never gave up their goal of unifying
Vietnam under communist rule, and in early 1975 they began a
major offensive.
 On April 30, North Vietnamese troops entered Saigon, and the
South Vietnamese government formally surrendered.
After three decades of fighting, Vietnam was united under a
120
communist government
On April 30, North
Vietnamese troops
entered Saigon, and the
South Vietnamese
government formally
surrendered.
After three decades
of fighting, Vietnam
was united under a
communist
government.
The Vietnam Legacy
 More than 1 million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians died in




the Vietnam War.
More than 58,000 Americans were dead; 300,000 were
wounded.
The United States had poured more than $150 billion into the
war.
About 2.7 million Americans had served in Vietnam, but unlike
the veterans of World War II, they found no hero’s welcome
when they returned home.
The relatives of the American soldiers who had been classified
as missing in action, or as MIAs, continued to demand that the
government press the Vietnamese for information. Ebs
122
Effects of the War on Vietnam
Deaths
• South Vietnamese battle deaths
exceeded 350,000.
• North Vietnamese battle deaths ranged
between 500,000 and one million.
• Millions of civilians also died.
Property
Damage
• The bombing destroyed much of North
Vietnam’s industry and transportation.
• In South Vietnam, 10 million people were
left homeless by the war.
The Vietnam War was the first foreign
war in which American forces suffered
defeat.
More than 58,000
Americans died in
combat during
the Vietnam War,
and some
300,000 were
wounded.
Effects of the Vietnam War on the U.S.
Effects on
the Economy
• The war cost the U.S. $200 billion, which damaged
the nation’s economy for years.
Effects on
Veterans
• Vietnam vets were often scorned by the public.
• They were haunted by memories of the war.
• They suffered high rates of unemployment,
divorce, and homelessness.
Effects on
Citizens’
Faith in the
Government
• The war undermined the nation’s trust in the
government and its leaders.
• In 1971, newspapers published the Pentagon
Papers, secret documents that showed the
government had concealed actions and misled the
public.
The war also spurred legal changes.
War Powers Act
Declared that a
president could not
send military forces
into action for longer
than 60 days without
congressional
approval.
Twenty-Sixth
Amendment to the
Constitution
Lowered the voting
age to 18, so that
those who fought in
wars could have a
voice in policy.
In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was completed
in Washington, D.C.
“The Wall”
consists of two
slabs of granite
sloping into the
ground.
Etched into its
surface are the
names of the
more than
58,000
Americans who
died in Vietnam.
Vietnam War Memorial
128
Vietnam War Memorial Names
Name
Rank
SVC
Date of
Birth
Date of
Casualty
City
State
MIA
Panel
NO.
Line
NO.
129
8.7.2, 8.7.7
Nixon’s Foreign Policies with the Soviet Union
 Nixon had great success with his
foreign policy issues.
 Henry Kissinger was Nixon’s
national security advisor and later
secretary of state.
 Nixon took steps to ease tensions
with Cold War enemies—a policy
called détente or relaxation of
tensions
 The goal of détente was to build a
more stable world in which the
United States and the countries
that have opposite viewpoints
accepted one another’s place. Ex:
Soviet Union
132
Kissinger’s Views
• Kissinger believed the United States should
consider each foreign-policy conflict or question
from the standpoint of what is best for America.
• The government should not be bound by
promises to fight communism or promote
freedom wherever it is threatened. Significant
change from containment!
133
Nixon’s Foreign Policies: Communism
The Soviet Union
1.
In 1969 Nixon began talks with the
Soviet Union in order to slow the
arms race.
2. Known as the Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks (SALT)
3. Both nations had increased their
number of weapons and made
innovations in weapons technology
(Arms Race).
China
5. Nixon wanted to improve
relations with the Communist
People’s Republic of China.
6. Believed that friendlier relations
with China would force a more
cooperative relationship with the
Soviet Union (China’s rival), and
his efforts were done secretly.
7. Nixon surprised Americans by
visiting China in 1972 where he
4. In 1972 Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev
met with Chinese leaders and
agreed to limit the amount of arms
Mao Zedong. “Let us start on our
built
march together not in lockstep,
but be on different roads to
achieve the same goal of world
peace.”
134
Nixon’s Foreign Policies: Middle East
 1967 Six-Day War
1.
Resulted in Israel (our ally) occupying territory that had belonged to the
nations of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan
2.
The United Nations passed a resolution that called for Israel to withdraw
from these lands and for the Arab states to recognize Israel’s right to exist
 1973 Yom Kippur War
3.
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, and the fighting affected the United
States.
4. Threat of Soviet involvement could turn conflict into a superpower
confrontation (Soviets Aided Egypt)
 What this does is add more distrust of the U.S. in the Middle East 135
From Watergate to Ford
The Main Idea
The Nixon presidency became bogged down in scandal,
leading to the first presidential resignation in American
history and the administration of Gerald Ford.
Essential Questions
• What were the main events of the presidential election of 1972?
• How did the Watergate scandal unfold?
• Who was Gerald Ford, and what were the highlights of his
presidency?
137
Main events in the presidential election
of 1972
 Nixon a republican, was concerned about winning the 1972 presidential
election and was not above using illegal actions to help ensure his re-election.
 During his first term, Nixon advisors created a group that came to be known
as the “Plumbers.”
 Their job was to respond to “leaks” of secret information and to investigate
Nixon’s political enemies.
 In early 1972 the Plumbers decided to break into the offices of the
Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel to collect
information about the Democratic strategy for the 1972 election.
138
Watergate
On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men who had broken
into the offices of the Democratic National Committee.
Although the break-in barely made the news when it
happened, it quickly became clear that the men had
connections to the president. Bob Woodward and Carl
Bernstein of the Washington Post refused to let the story
die and continued to investigate the break-in. The Post
reported that the break-in was part of a widespread spying
effort by the Nixon campaign, but this did not seem to
affect voters. On election day Nixon won one of the most
overwhelming victories in U.S. history.
139
How did the Watergate scandal unfold?
1. Nixon a Republican, orders the Plumbers to break into the
democratic headquarters at Watergate Hotel to get
information about the democrats during his reelection
campaign of 1972. The media starts large investigation.
2. After Nixon wins, the investigation to the break-in
intensifies. The Senate does their own investigation, and
finds out that Nixon’s former aide said that Nixon tape
recorded all conversations in White House since 1971.
Nixon refuses to give up tapes.
140
How did the Watergate scandal unfold?
3.
Nixon claims executive privilege (white house
conversations should be kept confidential) and has right
to withhold tapes. Prosecutor rejects this and demands
tapes. Saturday Night massacre, Nixon fires prosecutor
and public is shocked.
4. Nixon continues to deny he is involved refuses to give up
tapes, public confidence low, and White House reveals 18
minutes has been erased. Supreme Court ruled have to
give up tapes. House recommends impeachment, and
Nixon resigns the presidency 8/8/1974. Must have been
evidence on tapes of wrongdoing.
141
Why is this so significant in United States History? IT MAGNIFIES
THE MISTRUST THE PUBLIC HAS WITH OUR ELECTED OFFICALS!
142
(Politicians)
Gerald Ford
 Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned after being
charged with cheating on his taxes and taking payments
in return for political favors.
 Nixon choose Gerald R. Ford to replace Agnew.
 Ford was the Republican leader in the House of
Representatives.
 When Nixon resigned, Ford became president.
 He was the first person ever to become president without
having been elected either president or vice-president.
143
A Thaw in the Cold War
The Soviet Union
1. By the late 1970s the Soviet economy was
U.S.-Soviet Relations
1.
A visionary leader came to power in the
Soviet Union—Mikhail Gorbachev.
2. Industrial and farm production,
population growth, education, and
medical care all fell.
2.
Believed the only way to save the Soviet
Union was to strike a deal with the
United States
3. The Soviet Union started importing food
3.
Between 1985 and 1988 Reagan and
Gorbachev met four times and produced
the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
(INF) Treaty.
4.
INF Treaty: First treaty to actually
reduce nuclear arms destroyed a whole
class of weapons (more than 2,500
missiles).
5.
Reagan remains aggressive with
communism.
shrinking.
 Strikes in Poland led by Lech Walesa
highlighted Soviet weaknesses.
 Walesa successfully forced the Soviet-
backed government to legalize
independent trade unions.
 He also led a new independent union
called Solidarity.
4. Satellite Nations also experience similar
problems shows weakness.
 Reagan in Berlin :Famous Tear Down this
Wall Speech.
145
How did Soviet society become more open?
Glasnost
1. Gorbachev announced a new era of
glasnost, or “opening.”
2. Lifted media censorship, allowing
public criticism of the government
3. Gorbachev held press interviews.
4. Slowly Soviet citizens began to speak
out.
5. They complained about the price of
food, of empty store shelves, and of
their sons dying in Afghanistan.
Perestroika
6. Gorbachev began the process of
perestroika, the “restructuring” of
the corrupt government
bureaucracy.
7. Dismantled the Soviet central
planning system
8. Free elections took place in 1989.
9. Withdrew from Afghanistan
10. Visited with China to ease tensions
between the nations
 Attempted to cover up the Chernobyl
nuclear accident 25 years later.
 CIA Video Chernobyl
146
The Beginning of the Collapse of the Soviet Empire
1.
The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a spirit of
nationalism in the satellite nations of Eastern Europe.
2. Gorbachev knew the USSR could not support the ailing
Eastern European economies.
3. He ordered a large troop pullback from the region and
warned leaders to adopt reforms.
4. Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.
147
Eastern Europe Crumbles
 Poland- Solidarity forced
government to hold elections
 Hungary Opened the border
between Hungary and Austria
in August 1989, and people
streamed into the West.
 Czechoslovakia- Nonviolent
Velvet Revolution swept the
Communists from power in
November 1989.
 Romania- Violent revolution
brought down Nicolae
Ceausescu, on of the Soviet
bloc’s cruelest dictators.
148
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
 The Berlin Wall remained a repressive
symbol of Soviet communism.
1.
In order to calm rising protests in East
Germany, the government opened the
gates of the Berlin Wall on November 9,
1989.
 Thousands of East Berliners poured
into West Berlin.
 West Berliners celebrate at wall
November 10, 1989
 Communism falls in other countries as
well.
 Berliners pulled down the razor wire
and spontaneously began ripping
down the wall with axes and
sledgehammers and their bare hands.
 Time Photostory
2.
Less than a year later, East Germany and
West Germany were reunified as one
country.
149
The Communist Superpower Collapses
Russia’s Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian Republic,
helped foil a hard-liners’ communist coup against
Gorbachev in 1991.
Beginning in 1990, Soviet republics started declaring
their independence.
Gorbachev resigned as leader and the Soviet Union
dissolved. Boris Yeltsin became leader of the noncommunist nation of Russia.
Yeltsin now led the much weaker superpower.
Bush and Yeltsin signed arms treaties in 1991 and 1993.
150
151
The Cold War ends
152
8.7.8