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Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century The Birth of Modern Europe Feudalism sets stage for larger-scale government, protection of rights and duty to state Agricultural advancements – population thrives! Expansion and bureaucratization of the Church preserves aspects of Classical learning, provides order, and establishes universities/institutions of advanced learning Crusades allow for contact and exchange with Byzantine and Arab worlds The end result was an advanced civilization that fused Greco-Roman traditions with Christian, Germanic, Arabic and Byzantine elements to surpass other regions in the world at the time Threats to the Medieval World Mongol invasions of Russia in 1240 Ottoman Turks overtake Constantinople 1453 Papal scandal Eventually, Church fragmented by Protestantism Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Plague, War, Famine, Death In the end, the forces that challenged the medieval world were secular ones The Black Death: A Recipe for Plague “Little Ice Age” The Great Famine (1315 – 1317) Inability to sustain growing population with agricultural methods used at the time Upheaval to urban areas The Black Death Most devastating natural disaster in European History Bubonic Plague Rats and Fleas Yersinia pestis Originated in Asia Arrived in Europe in 1347 Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369 Images of Plague Sexy Buboes Demons be GONE! ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Spread of the Black Death http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073106925/student_view0/animated_maps.html Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague Plague as a punishment from God The flagellants Attacks against Jews Violence “Danse of Death” Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval Jacquerie, 1358 Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit Wages Social Mobility Peasant Revolts Jacquerie in France (1358) English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Revolts in the Cities Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378) War and Political Instability The Hundred Years’ War French Attack on English Gascony (1337) Edward III of England claims French Crown Differences in the armies Battle of Crecy (1346) Henry V (1413 – 1422) Battle of Agincourt (1415) Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) Siege of Orleans Captured by allies of the English in 1430 Burned at the Stake (1431) Gunpowder War Ends with French victory (1453) ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Hundred Years’ War Political Instability Breakdown of Feudal Institutions Scutage New Royal Dynasties Financial Problems Parliaments gain power Ongoing war creates need to tax Western Europe: England and France England Edward III (1327 – 1377) and the development of parliament House of Lords House of Commons Wars of the Roses (York vs. Lancaster) France Madness of Charles VI (1380 – 1422) Civil War: Burgundy vs. Orleans Germany & Italy The German Monarchy Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire postHohenstaufen Hundreds of States Elective Monarchy The Golden Bull (1356) Weak kings The States of Italy Lack of centralized authority Republicanism to Tyranny Development of regional states Milan Florence Venice The Ponte Vecchio – Venice The Decline of the Church Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) Conflict with Philip the Fair of France Unam Sanctam (1302) Captured by French – is eventually released but then dies Clement V, a French pope! The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378) Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige Captives of the French monarchy New Sources of revenue Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380) Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes The Great Schism Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 Rival Popes elected Pope Urban VI Pope Clement VII The Great Schism divides Europe Council of Pisa (1409) Deposed both popes and elected a new pope Popes refuse to step down Results in three popes! Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) End of the Schism Condemnation of heretics Jan Hus, John Wyclife Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431) elected Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity The Developments of Vernacular Literature Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321) The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321) Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400) The Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1400) The Book of the City of Ladies (1404) Boccaccio Decameron Art and the Black Death Giotto (1266 – 1337) Ars Moriendi Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto: from Byzantine to Renaissance style Change & Invention Changes in Urban Life Greater Regulation – PROSTITUTION! (woohoo!) Marriage Gender Roles Male: Active and Domineering Women: Passive and Submissive Medicine Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier, Bologna, Oxford, Padua, and Paris. Midwives, barber-surgeons Inventions and New Patterns The Mechanical Clock (Di Dondi) New Conception of Time Gunpowder Temperamental, but utilized (James II’s “Lion”) Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall “One sound rose ceaselessly above the noises of busy life, and lifted all things unto a sphere of order and serenity: the sound of bells“ -John Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages Discussion Questions What impact did the Black Death have on medieval European society? What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the Hundred Years’ War? How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations between the English King and his Parliament? Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal prestige? How was the Great Schism finally ended? How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the values of their respective societies? How did the Black Death affect urban and family life? Web Links ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies The End of Europe’s Middle Ages The Black Death, 1347 – 1350 Medieval Dance of Death De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military History The Age of King Charles V The World of Dante Geoffrey Chaucer