Download Medieval European History

Medieval European
History
1200-1450
What roles did peasants and nobles play in the
High Middle Ages?
Peasants
Nobility
Social Status
None, serfs, indentured servants
Titled, own land
Education
Illiterate, use of symbols
Possibly read, clergy can read and write, ways of
the warrior, chivalry
Employment Farmers, menial labor and low skilled labor
Knight, clergy
Marriage
Arranged, married young, few children
Arranged for political and economic purposes,
girls married in teens and men in 30s
Housing
1-2 room shacks, thatched roof, lumber or mud
Stone, castles, manors, walled
Medieval Feudal System of
Classes
Political, economic, and social system of
ownership and servitude
Medieval Castles
and Gothic Churches
Medieval Manors
New World Trade and Cities
•
•
•
•
Italy and Flanders (Belgium) became economic centers – Why?
Use of money and beginning of commercial capitalism
Cities grew from new demand and available skilled workers.
Cities became independent centers and offered certain freedoms and liberties.
Guilds
Medieval guilds were important in protecting craftsmen and consumers.
Apprentice, Journeymen, Master
Merchant and Craftsmen Guilds
St. Thomas Aquinas
• Probably the most influential
philosopher of the High Middle Ages
• Influenced by Aristotle and
scholasticism
• Why are his writings the most
influential of the High Middle Ages –
what were they trying to accomplish?
• Summa Theologica – 3 parts: Whether
God Exists, Ethics, and Christ
Romanesque
Architecture
Rounded vaults, thick walls, few or
small windows
Fortress like
Tower of London
Gothic Architecture and
the Flying Buttress
Pointed arches
Flying buttress alleviated the
weight and allowed the structure
to be built higher
Stained glass windows
Long construction time
Notre Dame
The Crusades
Circa 1100-1101,
When now that time was at hand which the Lord Jesus daily points out to His faithful, especially in the Gospel, saying, "If any
man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me," a mighty agitation was carried on
throughout all the region of Gaul. (Its tenor was) that if anyone desired to follow the Lord zealously, with a pure heart and mind,
and wished faithfully to bear the cross after Him, he would no longer hesitate to take up the way to the Holy Sepulcher.
Pope Urban II set out as quickly as possible beyond the mountains and began to deliver sermons and to preach eloquently, saying:
"Whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lacks sufficient money,
divine mercy will give him enough." “Great is your reward in Heaven.” And when this speech had already begun to be noised
abroad, little by little, through all the regions and countries of Gaul, the Franks, upon hearing such reports, forthwith caused
crosses to be sewed on their right shoulders…
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 28-30.
See also Rosalind M. Hill, ed. and trans., Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks (London: 1962), [Latin text
with English translation.]
What benefits did the Crusades have on Europe?
Magna Carta
1215
The Great Charter, signed by King John and
the barons of England in Runnymede,
Windsor Castle
Solidified the idea that relationships between
kings and vassals was of mutual rights and
obligations
*See Translated Copy
Papal Bull Unum Sanctum
Boniface VIII
1302
The most famous papal document of the
Middle Ages, affirming the authority of the
pope as the heir of Peter and Vicar of Christ
over all human authorities, spiritual and
temporal. Spiritual power, according to the
bull, rests in the hands of the Church and
overrides temporal power. Only the Church
can offer salvation.
Papacy During the High Middle Ages
Babylonian Captivity: 1309 – 1377
Elected Pope Clement V took residence in Avignon, France -70 years of
papacy continue.
The Great Western Schism: 1378 – 1417
Pope Gregory XI moves back to Rome and upon his death 2 Popes are
elected: Italian Urban VI and French Clement VII.
Antipopes, excommunication
Council of Pisa 1409 – 3 Popes!
Council of Constance 1414-1418 – Martin V
Conciliar Movement – supreme authority rests with council not pope?
Read Passage at http://www.greatschism.org/Great-Western-Schism.html
100 Years War
Stemming from William of Normandy’s invasion of England
in 1066
Series of conflicts from 1337 – 1453 between England and
France
Dynastic disagreement over land holdings and succession
Edwardian Phase: Edward III/John II: Crecy and Poitiers
Caroline Phase: Richard II/Charles V
Lancastrian Phase: Henry IV + Henry V/Charles VI:
Agincourt
Henry VI/Charles VII: Formigny, Orleans and Castillon
Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
Peasant Rebellion
1381 march to oppose poll taxes
Jacquerie
1358 against taxes of 100 Years War
Joan of Arc
1412-1431
In 1430 she was captured by the Burgundians while defending Compiegne near Paris
and was sold to the English. The English, in turn, handed her over to the ecclesiastical
court at Rouen led by Pierre Cauchon, a pro-English Bishop of Beauvais, to be tried for
witchcraft and heresy. Much was made of her insistence on wearing male clothing. She
was told that for a woman to wear men's clothing was a crime against God. Her
determination to continue wearing it (because her voices hadn't yet told her to change,
as well as for protection from sexual abuse by her jailors) was seen as defiance and
finally sealed her fate. Joan was convicted after a fourteen-month interrogation and on
May 30, 1431 she was burned at the stake in the Rouen marketplace. She was nineteen
years old. French King, Charles VII made no attempt to come to her rescue.
John Wycliffe 1320 – 1384
English scholar who denounced the
authority and corruption of the papacy.
Predestination, followers became known as
Lollards.
His body was exhumed after death and
burned on orders from Pope Martin V.
How can a corrupt officials lead anyone to
salvation?
Jan Hus
1369-1415
Jan Hus: Final Declaration, July 1, 1415
I, Jan Hus, in hope a priest of Jesus Christ, fearing to offend God, and
fearing to fall into perjury, do hereby profess my unwillingness to abjure all
or any of the articles produced against me by false witnesses. For God is my
witness that I neither preached, affirmed, nor defended them, though they
say that I did. Moreover, concerning the articles that they have extracted
from my books, I say that I detest any false interpretation which any of
them bears. But inasmuch as I fear to offend against the truth, or to gainsay
the opinion of the doctors of the Church, I cannot abjure any one of them.
And if it were possible that my voice could now reach the whole world, as at
the Day of Judgment every lie and every sin that I have committed will be
made manifest, then would I gladly abjure before all the world every
falsehood and error which I either had thought of saying or actually said!
I say I write this of my own free will and choice.
Written with my own hand, on the first day of July.
Execution of Jan Huss
Giotto di Bondone
1266-1337
Italian painter and
architect of the early
Renaissance
Influenced Masaccio
and Michelangelo
Francesco Petrarch
1304-1374
Italian scholar and poet
Father of secular humanism – man’s
intellectual and creative potential should be
used to the fullest – inspiring humanism
movements.
Dante Alighieri
1265-1321
Divine Comedy c. 1308-1321
Considered a masterpiece in literature
3 allegorical parts: Inferno, Purgatory,
Paradise
Written in Italian vernacular (Tuscan)
Geoffrey Chaucer
1343-1400
Canterbury Tales c. 1387-1400
Written during the 100 Years War in Middle
English
Collection of over 20 stories of travelers on
their way to the Shrine of Saint Thomas
Becket at Canterbury
Christine de Pizan
1364-1430
The Book of the City of Ladies c. 1405
Advocated for women as equal contributors
in society
3 parts including women from Greek,
Roman, and Biblical origins and their
contributions
Black Plague
1348-1353
Spread of Black Death
1320s – 1349
1347 – 1350
Black Death
Toggenburg Bible 1411
Lancing a Bubo
Dance Macabre
Hans Holbein the Younger
Flagellants
Pogroms
Giovanni Boccaccio
1313-1375
Decameron c. 1353
Collection of stories by upper-class citizens
fleeing the plague in Florence
Insight to plague symptoms
Considered a masterpiece written in the
Florentine vernacular
Research more at http://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/