Download Animal Unit - Jifted Land

Animal Unit
Chapter One: Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms
Section 1: What is an animal?
1.1
Animals are many celled organisms that must obtain their food by eating other
organisms.
Species – a group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring
Heterotroph – obtains food by eating other organisms
Autotroph – makes its own food
Sexual reproduction – the process by which a new organism forms from the joining of
two sex cells
Fertilization – joining of egg and sperm cells
1.2
Most animals need water, food, and oxygen to live.
Adaption – characteristic that helps an organism to survive in its environment or
reproduce
1.3
Herbivore – animal that eats plants
Carnivore – animal that eats other animals
Predator – animal that hunts and kills other animals
Prey – animals captured by a predator
Omnivore – animal that eats both plants and animals
1.4
Animals escape from predators by hiding in shells, playing dead, using stingers, using
claws, having bitter tasting flesh, and being faster then the predator.
1.5
Phylum – classification set after kingdom
When biologists look to classify an animal, they look at the structure of its body and the
way it develops as an embryo at the very beginning of its life. Biologists also examine
the animals DNA, which is a chemical in the cells that controls an organism’s inherited
traits.
Invertebrate – animal lacking a vertebrate (backbone)
Vertebrate – animal having a vertebrate (backbone)
Section 1 Review
Two characteristics that all animals share are animals are many celled and they obtain
there food by eating other organisms.
The major characteristics that are used to classify animals into groups are the structure of
the body, the way it develops as an embryo, and it’s DNA.
Three needs all animals need to have in order to survive are food, water, and oxygen.
Section 2: Symmetry
2.1
Bilateral symmetry – if a line divides it into to halves that are mirror images (a.k.a. line
symmetry)
Radial symmetry – has many lines of symmetry that all go through a central point
2.2
The bodies of complex animals all have either radial or bilateral symmetry.
Section 2 Review
The two types of symmetry complex animals exhibit are radial or bilateral symmetry.
Animals that have radial symmetry barley move, use taste and touch mostly and most live
in water. Animals with bilateral symmetry have one line of symmetry that divides it into
mirror images. Animals with bilateral symmetry are generally more complex then those
with radial symmetry. Animals with bilateral symmetry generally move in a more
quickly and efficient way then animals with radial symmetry.
Here is a picture that has bilateral symmetry:
Section 3: Sponges and Cnidarians
3.1
Basic diagram of a sponge:
Water Flow
Ectoderm
Flagellum
Internal Cavity
Spicule
Water
Flow
Incurrent Pore
Pore Cell
Amoebocyte
Endoderm
Collar Cell
Filament
Osculum
Sponges feed by filtering food and nutrients out of water. The body of a sponge is
something like a bag that is pierced all over with openings. Phylum: Porifera
Ectoderm – outer layer
Endoderm – inner layer
Incurrent pores – water is drawn through this pore
Osculum – large opening where water is released
Collar cells- Located in the endoderm. Each collar cell has a flagellum and many hairlike
filaments the movement of the flagella sets up a current of water through the filaments.
The filaments catch and remove bacteria, unicellular algae, and other microorganisms
from the water. The food is drawn into the collar cells and digested.
Amoebacyte – amoeba-like cell that digests the sponges food
Spicules – skeletal structure of certain sponges; tough and interlocked spikes made of
either silicon or calcium
Spongin – skeletal structure of certain sponges; soft flexible protein
Hermaphrodite – an organism that can produce both eggs and sperm.
A sponge is a hermaphrodite.
A sponge can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Larva – an immature form which appears from sexual reproduction
Budding is a way sponges reproduce asexually.
3.2
cnidarians – animals that have stinging cells and take their food into a hollow central
cavity
polyp – is shaped something like a vase, with a mouth opening at the top (i.e. hydra, sea
anemone, or coral)
medusa – bowl shaped, swims, mouth opening at the bottom(i.e. jelly fish)
Cnidarians capture their prey by using their stinging cells to inject venom. Then they
bring the food to their mouth with their tentacles.
Cnidarians reproduce asexually and sexually. During asexual reproduction budding
occurs quite often. Another form of asexual reproduction is the whole organism splits
into pieces and each piece forms a new organism. That is common with polyps.
Jelly fish have both a polyp and medusa phase due to the fact that they perform
alternation of generation.
Section 4: Worms
4.1
Biologists classify worms into several phyla–the three majorones are flatworms,
roundworms, and segmented worms.
4.2
Flatworms; Phylum: Paltyhelminthes
Flatworms are flat.
Most flatworms are parasites that obtain their food from their hosts.
Tapeworms are a flatworm that live in the intestine and can be fatal.
Planarians are not parasitic flatworms. They live in water. Planarians have eyes and can
smell. They feed like vacuum cleaners. They inject digestive juices into the organism
they want to eat and the organism breaks down. Then the planarian eats the partially
digested food.
4.3
Roundworms; Phylum: Nematoda
Round worms live in almost any moist environment.
Unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube.
To tell if it is a round worm that you see under the microscope check and see if you can
see both the openings.
A hookworm is a kind of roundworm.
4.4
Segmented Worms; Phylum: Annelida
Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections
called segments.
Segmented worms have a closed circulatory system.
Earthworms tunnel for a living. They are scavengers that eat decayed plant and animan
remains in the soil.
Section 4 Review
A tapeworm obtains its food by eating the digested material in the intestines.
A roundworm eats its food it gets digested and comes out its end opening. But a planarian
injects the digestive juices into the organism, let it break down and then eat it.
An earthworm has several hearts, a brain, a mouth, blood vessels, a nerve cord,
reproductive organs, waste removal organs, bristles, intestine, and an anus
Chapter Review
1. Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs.
2. Height or length is not one of the major characteristics biologists use to classify
animals.
3. An animal with many lines of symmetry has radial symmetry.
4. A jellyfish is a medusa.
5. A planarian has a one way digestive system.
6. All animals are made up of many cells
7. Sexual reproduction produces offspring are not exactly like either parent.
8. Fish have bilateral symmetry.
9. The bodies of sponges contain many pores.
10. The bodies of segmented worms contain many segments.
11. Many cells form a tissue, many tissues form an organ, and many organs form a
system.
12. Humans are free-living animals because we don’t rely on one certain organism.
13. Worms would probably be the most dominant animal in dug up soil.
14. During the process which sponges get food water, carrying food and oxygen, enters
the sponge through small pores. The get moved up and down by flagella and get
absorbed by collar cells. Then they go to amoebacytes where they are digested.
15. Sit and wait predators in an area consisting mostly of bright orange sand would most
probably have a bright orange color to them.
16. If a pesticide killed of many earthworms in the garden the plants wouldn’t be as
healthy because the earthworms help keep the soil fertile.
Chapter 2: Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms
Section 1: Mollusks
1.1
Mollusks – invertebrates with soft unsegmented bodies that are often protected by hard
outer shells
In addition to soft bodies often covered with shells, mollusks have a thin layer of tissue
called a mantle that covers their internal organs.
Kidneys – organs that remove the wastes produced by an animal’s cells
Gills – organs that remove oxygen from water
Radula (plural radulae) – a flexible ribbon of tiny teeth
Body structure has bilateral symmetry. Organs may include: stomach, reproductive
organs, gills, radulae, and kidneys. They also have a circulatory system.
The three major groups of mollusks are gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
1.2
Gastropods – most numerous of all mollusks; includes snails and slugs
Gastropod means stomach foot.
1.3
Bivalves – mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles.
Bivalves lack radulae. They are filter feeders; they strain their food from water. Bivalves
capture food as they breathe.
1.4
Cephalopods – mollusks whose feet adapted to form tentacles around their mouths.
They swim by jet propulsion due to releasing the water out of its mantle.
Section 1 Review
1. Mollusks are invertebrates with large soft bodies.
Section 2: Arthropods
2.1
An arthropod is an invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and
jointed attachments called appendages.
Exoskeleton – outer skeleton
Chitin – makes up exoskeleton; made of long molecules of smaller building blocks that
link like a chain
Molting – shedding the out grown exoskeleton
Antenna – appendage on the head that contains sense organs
Exoskeletons enable arthropods to go off shore because it keeps the water from
evaporating from their body.
2.2
The major groups of arthropods are crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and insects.
Crustacean – is an arthropod that has two or three body sections and usually has three
pair of appendages for chewing
Crustaceans grow into an adult through metamorphosis.
2.3
Spiders, mites, scorpions, and ticks are arachnids.
Mites are parasites.
Ticks are parasites that suck blood.
Spiders inject there digestive juices into its prey and then suck up the digested animal.
Section 3: Insects
3.1
Insects are arthropods with three body section, six legs, one pair of antennae, and usually
one or two pairs of wings.
Thorax – mid section
Insects have two compound eyes which are especially keen at seeing movement. They
also have simple eyes that can distinguish light from darkness.
The vast majority of insects, however, are harmless or beneficial to humans.
Section 4: Echinoderms
4.1
Echinoderm – radially symmetrical invertebrate that lives on the ocean
Endoskeleton – internal skeleton made of plates that contain calcium
In addition to five part radial symmetry and an endoskeleton, echinoderms also have an
internal fluid system called the water vascular system.
STARFISH ARE ECHINODERMS DO DA DO DA!
Regeneration – regrowth of a body part that was lost
Chapter 3: Fishes Amphibians and Reptiles
Section 1: What is a vertebrate?
1.1
Vertebrates are a subgroup in the phylum Chordata. Members of this phylum share these
characteristics: at some point in their lives, they have a notochord, a nerve cord, and slits
in their throat area for breathing.
1.2
A vertebrate’s backbone is part of an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton supports and
protects the body; helps give it shape, and give muscles a place to attach.
1.3
Most fishes, amphibians, and reptiles have a body temperature that is close to the
temperature of the environment. In contrast birds and mammals have a stable body
temperature that is typically much warmer than their environment.
Ectoderm – animal whose body does not produce much heat
Endotherm – an animal whose body controls and regulates the internal heat it produces
Section 2: Fishes
Fish – an ectothermic vertebrate that lives in the water and has fins, which are structures
used for moving
2.1
Water flows over the gills, oxygen moves from the water into the fish’s blood, while
carbon dioxide moves out of the blood and into the water.
2.2
A typical fin consists of a thin membrane stretched across bony supports. Fish have an
extremely strong nervous system.
Most fish have external fertilization.
2.3
Biologists classify fishes into three major groups: jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and
bony fishes.
Jawless fishes are the earliest of the vertebrates. Today there are only about 60 species of
jawless fishes. They are made up of cartilage. They eat by sucking, scraping, and
stabbing. Hagfishes and lampreys are example of jawless fishes.
2.4
Sharks, rays, and skates are cartilaginous fishes. Cartilaginous fishes have jaws, pairs of
fins, and they are all carnivores.
2.5
Most familiar kinds of fishes are bony fishes. There bodies are covered with scales, and a
pocket on each side of the head holds the fish’s gills.
Swim bladder – internal gas-filled sac that helps the fish stabilize its body at different
depths
Buoyant force – the force that water exerts upward on any underwater object
Fishes can adjust their buoyancy.
Section 3: Amphibians
3.1
Amphibian – ecothermic vertebrate that spends its early life in water
After beginning their lives in water, most amphibians spend their adulthood on land,
returning to the water to reproduce.
3.2
Atria – two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.
Ventricle – lower chamber of the heart which pumps blood out to the lungs and body
3.3
Most adult amphibians have strong skeletons and muscular limbs adapted for movement
on land.
Section 4: Reptiles
4.1
Reptile – ecothermic vertebrate that has lungs and scaly skin
The eggs, skin, and kidneys of reptiles are adapted to conserve water.
Unlike an amphibian’s egg, a reptile’s egg has a shell and membranes that protect the
developing embryo and help keep it from drying out.
Chapter 4: Birds and Mammals
Section 1: Birds
3.1
A bird is an endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a four-chambered heart that lays
eggs.
A bird’s bones are hollow, the forelimbs form wings. They have extremely strong chest
muscles.
Contour feathers – the larger feathers that give shape to a birds body
Down feathers – help keep the bird warm
3.2
Crop – internal storage tank that allows the to store food inside the body after swallowing
it
Gizzard – squeezes and grinds the partially digested food
Birds have two atria and two ventricles.
3.3
Birds have a strong nervous system.
Birds have internal fertilization.
The eggs develop at a temperature close to the body temperature of the parent bird.
3.4
In addition to adaptations made for flight , birds have adaptations such as the shapes of
their legs, claws, and bills for living in diverse environments.