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Human Anatomy and Body Systems Did you know? • Every square inch of the human body has about 19 million skin cells. • Every hour about 1 billion cells in the human body must be replaced. • The average human head has about 100,000 hairs. • The circulatory system of arteries, veins, and capillaries is about 60,000 miles long. • The heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. • There are about 9,000 taste buds on the surface of the tongue, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth. • The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. • The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet. More!! • You blink over 10,000,000 times a year. • The human brain weighs about 3 pounds. • It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. • Only 10% of the population are left handed. • One fourth of the bones in your body are in your feet. • Children tend to grow faster in the spring. • The most sensitive finger on the human hand is the index finger. • More men are color-blind than women. • More people have brown eyes than any other color. The Amazing Human Body • Why are bodies asymmetrical? • Human Body – Nat Geo Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body ***The purpose of the organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis. Division of Labor & The First Level Within multi-cellular organisms there is division of labor. Division of labor means that the work (labor) of keeping the organism alive is divided (division) among the different parts of the body. Each part has a job to do and as each part does its special job, it works in harmony with all the other parts. The arrangement of specialized parts within a living thing is sometimes referred to as levels of organization. Cells of course, are the first level of organization. Second Level: Tissues Tissues are the second level of organization. There are four basic/major types of tissues in the human body: 1. Muscle tissue 2. nerve tissue 3. connective tissue 4. epithelial tissue Blood cells in your body are part of blood tissue, a liquid tissue responsible for transporting food and oxygen throughout the body. Types of Tissues 1. Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body. Blood, fat, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons are all connective tissues. 3. Epithelial tissue covers and lines the surfaces of your body and organs, inside and out. They primarily serve as protective barriers. Skin is one example. 2. Nerve tissue carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are made up of nerve tissue. 4. Muscle tissue can contract, or shorten. Because of this, muscle tissue makes parts of your body move. Level Three: Organs When a bunch of different types of tissues work together, they form an organ. Level Four: Organ Systems Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. For example, your heart is part of your circulatory system, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout your body. Besides the heart, blood vessels are organs that work in your circulatory system. 2. The nervous system detects and interprets information from the environment outside the body and from within the body; controls most body functions. 3. The immune system fights disease. 4. The excretory system removes wastes. 5. The endocrine system controls many body processes by means of chemicals, like hormones. 6. The muscular system enables the body to move; moves food through the digestive system, and keeps the heart beating. 7. The skeletal system supports and protects the body, and works with the muscular system to allow movement; makes and stores blood cells and stores some other materials. 8. The digestive system takes food into the body, breaks the food down into smaller particles, and absorbs the digested materials. 9. The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide. 10. The reproductive system produces sex cells that can unite with other sex cells to create offspring; controls male and female characteristics. Let’s Review…. • 1st Level: Cells working together form • 2nd Level: Tissues, which can form • 3rd Level: Organs, which work together to form • 4th Level: Organ Systems, which work together to form • 5th Level: Organisms! Scavenger Hunt • Your task: Find every body system • Fill in your chart The Human Body Systems The human body systems are as follows: -- nervous system -- integumentary system -- respiratory system -- digestive system -- excretory system -- skeletal system -- muscular system -- circulatory system -- endocrine system -- immune system The Digestive System Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler micromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth – to chew and grind up food -- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food -- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels -- also help neutralize stomach acid Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream -- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called villi, on the intestine Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion The Digestive System The Excretory System Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts Major Organs and Their Functions Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide The Excretory System The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide Major Organs and Their Functions Nose – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) -- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles -- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli -- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes -- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath -- hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm The Respiratory System The Circulatory System Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration Major Organs and Their Functions Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system -- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria) -- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body -- valve regulate the flow of blood between the chambers Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system -- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen -- white blood cells function in the immune system -- platelets help in blood clotting Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood The Circulatory System The Nervous System Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment Major Organs and Their Functions Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through -- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions) Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa -- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body Nervous System Diagram of a Nerve Cell The Endocrine System Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones Major Organs -- hypothalamus -- pituitary gland -- thyroid -- parathyroid -- adrenal glands -- pancreas -- testes -- ovaries The Endocrine System Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones Major Organs and their functions: -- hypothalamus – a collection of cells in the lower part of the brain that is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems -- pituitary gland – the most important part of this system, it makes hormones that controls the other glands in the endocrine system -- pancreas – produces insulin to maintain steady sugar levels in the body -- testes – in males, produce hormones such as testosterone -- ovaries – in females, produce eggs and hormones The Skeletal System Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human body Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes) The Skeletal System Major Bones of the Human Body (207 bones) Skeletal can be divided into 2 major parts: Axial skeleton – head and truck, composed of 80 bones The Skeletal System Major Bones of the Human Body (207 bones) Skeletal can be divided into 2 major parts: Appendicular skeleton – lower portion of the body, involved in locomotion. Made of 126 bones. The Skeletal System The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body and provides heat to keep the body warm. -- muscle cells are fibrous -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary -- consists of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles -- nervous system controls it Major Muscles in the Human Body -- biceps -- triceps -- glutes -- hamstrings -- deltoids The Muscular System Major Muscles groups in the Human Body -- biceps and triceps – helps to control shoulder and elbow -- abdominal – sitting up, posture -- hamstring – walking, standing up Image of the Muscular System The Integumentary System Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body Major Organs and Their Functions Skin –the skin is the body’s first line of defense Epidermis – top layer of skin. Its purpose is to protect, absorb nutrients and maintain homeostasis Dermis – middle layer of skin, gives the skin its elasticity Hypodermis – innermost layer, and the thickest. Stores fat. Integumentary System The Immune System Purpose: to protect the body from disease Major Organs and Their Functions Skin- first layer of protect from foreign agents Bone Marrow – (not technically an organ)all blood cells are derived from bone marrow Spleen – filters the blood, within the spleen are specialized cells, such as T and B cells that fight infections Lymph Nodes – located throughout the body and help fight infection Immune System Human Body Systems Body System Circulatory Respiratory Skeletal Muscular Digestive Function Organs and their functions Human Body Systems Body System Excretory Immune Integumentary Nervous Endocrine Function Organs and their functions