Download Human Anatomy and Body Systems

Human Anatomy and Body Systems
Did you know?
• Every square inch of the human body has about 19 million
skin cells.
• Every hour about 1 billion cells in the human body must be
replaced.
• The average human head has about 100,000 hairs.
• The circulatory system of arteries, veins, and capillaries is
about 60,000 miles long.
• The heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average
lifetime.
• There are about 9,000 taste buds on the surface of the
tongue, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth.
• The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.
• The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps
out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
More!!
• You blink over 10,000,000 times a year.
• The human brain weighs about 3 pounds.
• It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle
the whole body.
• Only 10% of the population are left handed.
• One fourth of the bones in your body are in your feet.
• Children tend to grow faster in the spring.
• The most sensitive finger on the human hand is the
index finger.
• More men are color-blind than women.
• More people have brown eyes than any other color.
The Amazing Human Body
• Why are bodies asymmetrical?
• Human Body – Nat Geo
Levels of Organization
Remember, the human body is organized in several
levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . .
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar
function
Organs – made of tissues that perform one
specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform
a specific purpose in the human body
***The purpose of the organ systems is for the human
body to maintain homeostasis.
Division of Labor & The First Level
Within multi-cellular organisms there is division of labor.
Division of labor means that the work (labor) of keeping
the organism alive is divided (division) among the
different parts of the body.
Each part has a job to do and as each part does its special
job, it works in harmony with all the other parts.
The arrangement of specialized parts within a living thing is
sometimes referred to as levels of organization. Cells of course,
are the first level of organization.
Second Level: Tissues
Tissues are the second level of organization.
There are four basic/major types of tissues in the human body:
1. Muscle tissue
2. nerve tissue
3. connective tissue
4. epithelial tissue
Blood cells in your body are part of blood tissue, a liquid tissue
responsible for transporting food and oxygen throughout the
body.
Types of Tissues
1. Connective tissue connects and supports
parts of the body. Blood,
fat, ligaments, cartilage,
bones, and tendons are
all connective tissues.
3. Epithelial tissue covers
and lines the surfaces of your
body and organs, inside and
out. They primarily serve as
protective barriers. Skin is one
example.
2. Nerve tissue carries
messages back and forth
between the brain and every
other part of the body. The
brain, spinal cord, and
nerves are made up of
nerve tissue.
4. Muscle tissue can
contract, or shorten.
Because of this, muscle
tissue makes parts of your
body move.
Level Three: Organs
When a bunch of different types of tissues work together,
they form an organ.
Level Four: Organ Systems
Each organ in your body is
part of an organ system, a
group of organs that
work together to perform
a major function.
For example, your heart is
part of your circulatory
system, which carries
oxygen and other
materials throughout your
body. Besides the heart,
blood vessels are organs
that work in your circulatory
system.
2. The nervous system
detects and interprets
information from the
environment outside the body
and from within the body;
controls most body functions.
3. The immune system fights
disease.
4. The excretory system
removes wastes.
5. The endocrine system
controls many body processes
by means of chemicals, like
hormones.
6. The muscular system
enables the body to move;
moves food through the
digestive system, and keeps
the heart beating.
7. The skeletal system
supports and protects the
body, and works with the
muscular system to allow
movement; makes and stores
blood cells and stores some
other materials.
8. The digestive system
takes food into the body,
breaks the food down into
smaller particles, and absorbs
the digested materials.
9. The respiratory system
takes oxygen into the body
and eliminates carbon
dioxide.
10. The reproductive
system produces sex cells
that can unite with other
sex cells to create offspring;
controls male and female
characteristics.
Let’s Review….
• 1st Level: Cells working together form
• 2nd Level: Tissues, which can form
• 3rd Level: Organs, which work together
to form
• 4th Level: Organ Systems, which work
together to form
• 5th Level: Organisms!
Scavenger Hunt
• Your task: Find every body system
• Fill in your chart
The Human Body Systems
The human body systems are as follows:
-- nervous system
-- integumentary system
-- respiratory system
-- digestive system
-- excretory system
-- skeletal system
-- muscular system
-- circulatory system
-- endocrine system
-- immune system
The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler
micromolecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that
leads to breakdown of food
-- once the food is broken down in the stomach and
mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme
Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates
blood
sugar levels
-- also help neutralize stomach acid
Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods
Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use
Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme
enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the
bloodstream
-- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces
called villi, on the intestine
Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the
waste ready for excretion
The Digestive System
The Excretory System
Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water
and salts
Major Organs and Their Functions
Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system
-- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney
filters out urea, excess water and other waste
products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as
urine
-- eventually they travel through the ureter to the
urinary bladder
Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through
the rectum
Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the
body
Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide
The Excretory System
The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen
for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon
dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at
the back of the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal
chords, you speak
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to
your lungs
-- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the
trachea when you swallow, preventing food from
entering
Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the
trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)
-- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
-- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air
sacs called alveoli
-- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes
-- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where
the exchange of gases with the blood occurs
The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath
-- hiccups are involuntary contractions of the
diaphragm
The Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and
organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular
respiration
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two
ventricles and two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it
gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then
pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body
-- valve regulate the flow of blood between the
chambers
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major
organs of the body
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major
organs of the body
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich
protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood
The Circulatory System
The Nervous System
Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its
internal and external environment
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are
relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses)
and cerebellum (controls motor functions)
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of
the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as
a chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the
body
Nervous System
Diagram of a Nerve Cell
The Endocrine System
Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and
reproduction through the production and secretion of
hormones
Major Organs
-- hypothalamus
-- pituitary gland
-- thyroid
-- parathyroid
-- adrenal glands
-- pancreas
-- testes
-- ovaries
The Endocrine System
Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism and
reproduction through the production and secretion of
hormones
Major Organs and their functions:
-- hypothalamus – a collection of cells in the lower part of the
brain that is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems
-- pituitary gland – the most important part of this system, it
makes hormones that controls the other glands in the endocrine system
-- pancreas – produces insulin to maintain steady sugar levels
in the body
-- testes – in males, produce hormones such as testosterone
-- ovaries – in females, produce eggs and hormones
The Skeletal System
Purpose: to provide structure and support to the human
body
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the
marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength
Major Bones of the Human Body
-- femur (thigh bone)
-- humerus (upper arm)
-- radius and ulna (lower arm)
-- cranium (skull)
-- sternum (breastbone)
-- clavicle (shoulder blade)
-- fibula and tibia (calf)
-- vertebrae (back)
-- scalpula (shoulder)
-- pelvic bone
-- coccyx (tail bone)
-- phalanges (fingers/toes)
The Skeletal System
Major Bones of the Human Body (207 bones)
Skeletal can be divided into 2 major parts:
Axial skeleton – head and truck, composed of 80 bones
The Skeletal System
Major Bones of the Human
Body (207 bones)
Skeletal can be divided into 2
major parts:
Appendicular skeleton – lower
portion of the body, involved
in locomotion. Made of 126
bones.
The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to
produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the
human body and provides heat to keep the body warm.
-- muscle cells are fibrous
-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
-- consists of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles
-- nervous system controls it
Major Muscles in the Human Body
-- biceps
-- triceps
-- glutes
-- hamstrings
-- deltoids
The Muscular System
Major Muscles groups in the Human Body
-- biceps and triceps – helps to control shoulder and elbow
-- abdominal – sitting up, posture
-- hamstring – walking, standing up
Image of the Muscular System
The Integumentary System
Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens
from the human body
Major Organs and Their Functions
Skin –the skin is the body’s first line of defense
Epidermis – top layer of skin. Its purpose is to protect, absorb
nutrients and maintain homeostasis
Dermis – middle layer of skin, gives the skin its elasticity
Hypodermis – innermost layer, and the thickest. Stores fat.
Integumentary System
The Immune System
Purpose: to protect the body from disease
Major Organs and Their Functions
Skin- first layer of protect from foreign agents
Bone Marrow – (not technically an organ)all blood cells are
derived from bone marrow
Spleen – filters the blood, within the spleen are specialized
cells, such as T and B cells that fight infections
Lymph Nodes – located throughout the body and help fight
infection
Immune System
Human Body Systems
Body System
Circulatory
Respiratory
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Function
Organs and their functions
Human Body Systems
Body System
Excretory
Immune
Integumentary
Nervous
Endocrine
Function
Organs and their functions