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Population Management Indirect threats Florida Panther Florida Panther Distribution Panther mortality Panther Road Sign and Underpass Wildlife Overpass Banff NP, Canada Wildlife Overpass Catalonia, Spain Wildlife Overpass Netherlands Red Crab Crossing - Australia Grate at Entrance to Bat Cave Population management • Limiting risks to populations Feral Cat - Galapagos Feral Cat Trapping Piping Plover Piping Plover Breeding Range Moonstone Beach, RI Piping Plover Protection Feral pig in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Pig fence – Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Robbin’s Cinquefoil Robbin’s Cinquefoil Habitat - White Mountains, New Hampshire Robbin’s Cinquefoil Protection Black Locust Managing vs. Manipulating Populations • Managing populations - controlling the environment (biological and physical) around the population and trying to ensure that the population has what it needs to survive in that environment • Manipulating a population is a more direct intervention - usually manipulating a population indicates a high level of human-population contact, often with humans directly handling the individuals in the population Saving Species “In terms of saving species, there are no hopeless cases, there are only difficult cases and people without hope.” - Michael Soule Translocations Often we have to move or translocate population in order to ensure that they will survive Translocating populations can happen in two ways: 1. introducing individuals to new sites - to places where the species did not exist originally 2. Reintroductions - returning organisms to areas from which they had been extirpated New Zealand Giant Weta Giant Weta And Biologist Weta as Symbol Kiwi Kiwi and egg Kakapo Kakapo and Biologist Another Kakapo and Biologist • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T1vfsH YiKY Takahe Takahe and chick Desert Bighorn Sheep Whitetail Deer Wild Turkey Wood Duck When reintroducing animals, we have learned that: 1. larger founder populations are more successful 2. habitat suitability is important 3. increased number and sizes of clutches (litters) enhances success of establishment 4. herbivores are more successfully established than carnivores 5. competing species in an area may prevent successful establishment Reintroductions more successful when: • organisms are translocated into undegraded habitat; • substantial numbers of individuals may be reintroduced - often many of them over a long period of time; • careful husbandry of the species may be required providing food, water or controlling species which may have a negative effect on the species Przewalski’s Horse or Takh Przewalski’s Horse or Takh Przewalski’s horse reserves – Mongolia and Uzbekistan Restoration of desert streams and fish populations Before After 1996 – Montana Wolf Reintroduction Protest Yellowstone Wolf Pack Locations Yellowstone Wolf Pack Locations Yellowstone Wolf Pack Locations Yellowstone Wolf Yellowstone Wolf Prey Idaho Wolf Release - 1996 Current Wolf Distribution – ID, WY, MT Wolf Population Growth Midwestern Wolf Expansion Wolf Expansion Great Lakes Wisconsin Wolf Population Grey Wolf Endangered Species Status Augmenting populations • Augmenting populations means adding extra individuals to an existing population Desert Tortoise Desert Tortoise Habitat Pacific Salmon Species Peregrine Falcon – British subspecies - peregrinus Peregrine Falcon – Alaskan coastal subspecies - pealei Peregrine Falcon Range Map Ecosystem Management And Preservation Ecosystem Preservation – Boreal Forests, etc. Semi-Natural Ecosystems • Ecosystems that have been modified by some human activities such as logging, fishing and grazing but which are still dominated by native species Early Conservation Efforts • 3000 YA – Ikhnaton sets aside land for game preserve • Asoka – 272-232 BCE declared some animals can’t be killed, forests not burned Modern National Parks – Yellowstone N.P. - 1872 Hayden survey of Yellowstone – 1870 Yellowstone National Park – Army Bike Patrol Reserves • Reserves – any natural or semi-natural ecosystem that is protected from most forms of human use - however, we must remember that reserves go by several different names - national parks, refuges, national monuments, national wilderness areas, preserves and more Reserve Selection Reserves are developed by a variety of mechanisms: 1. Government action – usually at a national level, but may happen at regional or local level as well 2. Land purchases by private individuals and conservation organizations (such as The Nature Conservancy) 3. Actions of indigenous peoples and traditional societies 4. Development of biological field stations – usually combine biodiversity protection and research with education Grand Canyon Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Houston Toad The Nature Conservancy – active since 1951 in the US Nature Reserves Managed by native people – Arnheim land, Australia Biological field stations as Reserves Creating Preserves Creating new reserves requires the following steps: 1. Identifying priorities for conservation 2. Determining those areas of each country that should be protected to meet conservation priorities 3. Linking new protected areas to existing conservation networks, using techniques such as gap analysis Setting Priorities 1. Distinctiveness (or irrereplaceability) – an ecosystem that consists of primarily rare or endemic species or that has other unusual attributes (scenic value, geological features) is given highest priority 2. Endangerment (or vulnerability) – species in danger of extinction are of greater concern than those that are not 3. Utility – species that have present or potential value to people are given more conservation priority than species of no obvious use to people Distinctive Ecosystem – Peat Bogs Rarity – European Bison aka Wisent European Bison Distribution Light green – Holocene range; Dark green – late Middle Ages; Red – current distribution Utility – wild apple Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Apple Region circled