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4/15/2013 Gymnosperms Pterophytes Plant Reproduction Angiosperms Seeds Lycophytes Bryophytes Vascular tissue BI 103 Plant-Animal A&P Turn in Homework #1 Green algae: Chlorophytes Land plants Angiosperm specific adaptations • Unlike other plants they have: – Flowers – Double fertilization – Fruit Angiosperms: the Flowering plants Why do plants have flowers? In other words, what are the advantages of flowering? Discuss this question in groups Alternating Generations In more advanced plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant. Why do plants have flowers? Enlists partnerships with insects and other animals Less inbreeding Higher probability the pollen will reach the right plant They don’t have to produce as much pollen 1 4/15/2013 Alternation of generations modified • Pollen= Male gametophyte Contains sperm How is pollen an adaptation to land? Allows fertilization to occur even in the absence of available water. • Ovule= Female gametophyte water Contains egg Moss fertilization Pollen grains Anthers with microspores Microspore to pollen 1. The microspores divides by mitosis to produce two cells Generative cell (1n) Tube cell== vegetative nucleus (1n) 2. A two layered wall develops around the microspore to become the pollen 3. The generative cell undergoes division once more 3n total (3 nuclei) in pollen Double fertilization Fruit development 1. Two pollen nuclei enter ovule 2. One fuses with the egg to form the zygote 3. The other fuses with 2 central cell nuclei to become the endosperm (3n), food for the zygote Becomes the seed! Becomes the fruit! 2 4/15/2013 Why do we see such diversity in the flowers we see? Theory: Coevolution of plants and pollinators Different flowers have evolved to attract different pollinators- plants have specialized to a specific group of pollinators Pollination syndrome Floral characteristics which attract a specific group of pollinator Bees, hummingbirds, moths etc Allows flowers to specialize May include mechanisms to exclude other pollinators Pollination syndrome What are the advantages to specializing to one species or one group of pollinator? What are the disadvantage or risks? Most flowers are ‘generalists’ and do not specialize. Bees Blue Symmetrical Smells sweet Pollen rewards Nectar rewards Pheromone rewards Bees UV Markings Bees can see in UV! Pollinators: Bees Blue UV marking Symmetrical Smells sweet Nectar guides ---Example: Catalpa speciaosa 3 4/15/2013 Bee specialization Pedicularis attollens, common name:“Baby Elephant’s head” Bumble bee pollinated Pedicularis attollens Specialized Buzz pollination Technique only used by bees to release pollen from anthers– they must hit the right musical note! Birds: hummingbirds Red Long and tubular No odor nectar Example: Tomatoes, blueberries, manzanita (Arctrostaphylos) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv_xncrZ fCg&feature=related Moths White flowers Sweet smell Open at night Long nectar spur with nectar Moths Darwin’s Orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale Hawkmoth on Columbine (Aquileia) 4 4/15/2013 Why are those spurs so long? Predator: Crab spider Combination of: Moths don’t want to get too close…. Predators lurk! Plant needs moth to get close enough to reach pollen and stigma Bats Strong pedicle and petals Musky odor White Open at night & lots of pollen Ex: Sargo cactus Flies: rancid smell, tiny, green or reddish Butterflies Sweet smell Vibrant colors Larger flowers Nectar rewards Announcements • Homework #2 Design a flower --Due next Monday 4/22 • Lab report– due Wed in lab • Outdoor lab section? 5