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1.
Under conditions when neurotransmitter is released from rods, which of the following are also likely to be
TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.
All of the following are characteristics of the meninges EXCEPT:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3.
The dorsal fasciculus contains axons from proprioceptors
The cell bodies of axons in the spinal pathway are located in the lateral horn
Connections between the upper and lower motor systems are made in the dorsal horn
A&B
A, B & C
In regards to the cells and layers of the retina, which of the following is TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
8.
The cornea is part of the sclera
When constricted, the iris increases the amount of light that is focused on the macula
The inferior oblique muscle of the eye elevates the eye
Chorid lies between the retina and the sclera
The retina is thinner near the ciliary muscle than near the macula
In regards to the anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following is TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
7.
The somatic and autonomic systems have axons that exit central nervous system
Activation of the sympathetic system may reduce secretions in the digestive tract
Ganglion of the sympathetic system are found within the dorsal root of the spinal cord
All pre-ganglionic axons release ACh
C&D
All of the following are characteristics of the anatomy of the eye EXCEPT:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6.
Basilar artery
Left internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior communicating artery
A&C
All of the following are characteristics of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5.
The pia lines the surface of dural sinuses
Fluid from the sub-arachnoid space can enter the dural sinuses through arachnoid villae
The periosteal dura is not present in the meninges that surrounds the spinal cord
A&B
A&C
Blood flowing entering the Circle of Willis from the right vertebral artery and exiting through the left
anterior cerebral MUST pass through which of the following vessels?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
Photoreceptors in the macula are processing visual information
Rods are bleached
ON bipolar cells are active
A&C
NONE of the above is TRUE
Horizontal cells are primarily found in the peripheral retina
The outer plexiform layer is closest to the pigmented epithelial cells
The amacrine cells are found between the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layer
Bipolar cells are found in the outer nuclear layer
C&D
Refraction by the lens contributes to which of the following types of visual processing?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
9.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the ventricular system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
10.
Light reflected off objects greater than 9 meters from the eye
Light reflected off objects less than 9 meters from the eye
Simultaneous processing of light reflected from objects greater than and less than 9 meters from the
eye
B&C
A, B & C
The lateral ventricles are located in the cerebral hemispheres
CSF in the spinal cord is made by the choroid plexus located in the central canal
The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
CSF found in the sub-arachnoid space is made in the ventricles
C&D
In regards to the anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following is TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The most inferior spinal nerves that pass through the sacral foramina exit the spinal cord in the
lumbar region of the vertebral column
The first cervical spinal nerve exits between cervical vertebrae 1 and 2
The caudus equinus is comprised of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
A&C
B&C
Use the following table to answer Question 11.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
11.
Rigid paralysis
Flaccid paralysis
Ipsalateral loss of touch
Ipsalateral loss of temperature
Contralateral loss of touch
Contralateral loss of temperature
A MRI of a patient reveals a mass on the right side of the spinal cord that affects the lateral and ventral
horns. Which of the above are likely effects of the tumor?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
12.
In regards to the functioning of the cochlea, which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
13.
I, III, IV
II, III, V
I, II & VI
II & VI
II, III, VI
Coding for pitch depends on which region of the basilar membrane is deflected by a given sound
The scala media is separated from the scala vestibuli by the tectorial membrane
Sounds with greater amplitude activate more hair cells than sounds with lower amplitudes
Sounds with greater energy deflect regions of the basilar membrane closer to the base
A&D
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the middle ear?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The incus lies between the tympanic membrane and the malleous
The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian tube
The oval window is deflected by the stapes
The stapes exerts greater force than the incus
B&D
14.
Of the following, which are likely when the firing rate of hair cells increases?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
15.
Of the following, which best describes the process that permits auditory stimuli to be perceived by the
nervous system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
16.
B.
C.
D.
E.
If the MNTB on the right side is more active than the left side, the left LSO will be more active
than the right LSO
Interaural time delay is too small to be detected by the MSO
If the LSO on the right side is more active than the left side, the sound originated on the right side
If neurons in the MSO closest to on the left ear are activated, the sound originated on the left side
B&D
Which of the following must be TRUE when layer 6 of the right LGN is activated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
18.
The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open K+ channels that depolarize inner hair cells
The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Ca++ channels that depolarize inner hair cells
The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open K+ channels that depolarize outer hair cells
The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Na+ channels that depolarize inner hair cells
The shearing of the stereocilia mechanically open Ca++ channels that depolarize outer hair cells
Of the following, which is TRUE for the localization of sound with frequencies greater than 3000 Hz?
A.
17.
Pitch of the perceived sound increases
The basilar membrane will be deflected closer to its apex
Amplitude of the perceived sound increases
Number of inner hair cells activated decreases
Fewer spiral ganglion cells will be activated
The image appeared in the left nasal hemifield
The image was colored
Layer IVC alpha will also be activated
Processing required that axons decussate in the optic chiasm
B&D
Which of the following MUST be TRUE for information activating P-type ganglion cells in the left
temporal retina?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The object was moving
The image appeared in the left nasal hemifield
Parvocellular layers in the right LGN will be activated
That information will travel through the right optic radiation
None of the above
Use the following table to answer Question 7.
I
II
III
IV
19.
Right LGN layer 1
Right LGN layer 2
Left LGN layer 1
Left LGN layer 2
V
VI
VII
VIII
Right LGN layer 3 & 5
Right LGN layer 4 & 6
Left LGN layer 3 & 5
Left LGN layer 4 & 6
A green, moving image focused on the right temporal retina (assume monocular vision) activates which of
the following?
A.
B.
C.
I & VI
II & V
IV & VII
D.
E.
20.
Of the following, which CANNOT be true for a visual stimulus (assume monocular processing) that
activates layer IVC beta in the right visual cortex?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
21.
III & VIII
III & VII
The image was colored and was seen by the right eye
The image was colored and focused on the left retina
The nasal part of the image activated layer 4 & 6 of the LGN parvo-cellular layer
Axons carrying information about this object projected through the right optic tract to the LGN
A&C
All of the following are characteristics of somatic receptors EXCEPT:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Nociceptors detect stimuli sufficiently intense enough to cash damage to body tissues
Thermoreceptors have cell bodies in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
Axons originating from golgi tendon organs activate both excitatory and inhibitory inter-neurons
Myelinated axons are likely to be associated with meisner’s corpuscles
C&D
Use the following table to answer Question 22.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
22.
Rigid paralysis on the left side of the body
Flaccid paralysis on the left side of the body
Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left side of the body
Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of the body
Loss of touch and proprioception sensation on the left side of the body
Loss of touch and proprioception sensation on the right side of the body
Of the effects listed above, which are likely to result from a tumor that damages the ventral horn and the
lateral horn on the left side of the spinal cord?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I, II, III
I, II, IV
II, IV
II, VI
I, II, IV, V
Use the following information to answer Question 23.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
23.
Injury to which of the structures listed above would also affect dermatomes inferior to the injury site?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
24.
Spinal nerve
Ventral horn
Lateral horn
Dorsal column
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal pathway
II & III
I, II & V
I, V & VI
I, IV& VI
IV & VI
In regards to spinal cord injuries, which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
25.
Losses that result from dorsal root ganglion injuries include contralateral loss of pain and
temperature
Lateral horn injuries can cause both contralateral and ipsalateral deficits
Doral column injuries affect processing of touch and proprioception on the same side as the injury
Hemisections can cause both rigid and flaccid paralysis
A&D
In regards to the characteristics of somatosensory pathways, which of the following is NOT
TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Axons from muscle spindle fibers ascends on the ipsalateral side of the spinal cord
The cell bodies of axons in the dorsal column are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
Information about nociception crosses prior to reaching the brain
The parietal lobe is the final target of both the DCML and ST pathways
A&B