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Nonverbal Communication The language of the Body What is its purpose?? We define gestures with an extreme alertness and, one might say, in accordance with an elaborate and secret code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all. Sapir (1927) Canadian League of Underwriters claim that the following three components and their percentages go into making a sale: Nonverbal Communication -- 35% Paralinguistics -- 55% Verbal (the message) -- 10% Elements of Nonverbal Communication 1. BODILY CONTACT a) grooming b) hitting c) kissing d) touching e) holding f) etc. 1) All of these indicate a heightened or intensified friendly or aggressive relationship. E.g., grooming in baboons, native South American tribes, encounter groups 2) Considerable Cross-cultural Variation a) Copper Eskimo vs. Canadian b) Handshake origin? Romans? Or Chimpanzees? c) Italian and Jewish Grandmothers and pinching until it hurts. d) touching in San Juan versus London e) missionary position 2. PROXIMITY The distance between two or more people. a) Mehrabian Coat Rack b) Hall (The Silent Language)- Diplomat party in Brazil c) Behaviour on an Elevator Watch out for those bubbles! d) Sommer’s study of the Ghost Story e) intimacy f) territoriality 1) Research by Edney aa) lab study: see overhead bb) field study: homes with or without fences and (territoriality continued) 2) Research by Taylor, Altman, & Sorrentino (1969) of sailors isolated from the outside for 6 weeks vs. 6 months 3) Other examples: library, class, distinguished professor. 3. ORIENTATION The angle in which people face each other a) Hall again b)Pilot and experimental study by Sorrentino (1973) (see overheads) c) Merhabian again (orientation continued) d) Paris Peace Talks, Korean War Peace talks: critical factors? (see overheads) 4. POSTURE -Not exactly how you sit up. e.g., How can you identify the dominant monkey of the group? (see overhead) -Posture is also known as display behaviour a) dominance: legs open, arms free, body relaxed b) fear or submission, legs closed, arms folded, body tense c) affiliation: also body free and relaxed d) research seminar: the lowly undergraduate (Posture continued) d. cross-cultural differences--just like touching, e.g., North American and English men crossing their legs. e. behaviour at crosswalks (study by Argyle) --try it here! 5. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE --dress, hair , et cetera a) physical attractiveness is important, e.g., jury studies, studies on stigma, and Argyle says it is the single best predictor of whether two people would like to see each other again. b) Research: Women find men with beards and mustaches more attractive than clean shaven men and no one trusts a man with a mustache. 6. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS -- not much known, too complex (e.g., study by Kendon: 5 positions of the eyebrow, dozens of mouth positions. 7. GESTURES -hand, feet, head. Same problem except for a few rare examples. E.g. Italians , leakage 8. The Eye: Window to the Soul or The Evil Eye? Part 1: The Eye itself a) Ethologists and Fixed Action Patterns Do you know a character with big pupils and big head? ** b) Jade Dealers c) “Bedroom Eyes”--study by Hess & Polt (see overhead) d) parental love Part 2 : Eye Contact a) “The Eyes have it.” (Argyle) Most important element of nonverbal communication. b) interacts with other gestures c) gender differences 1) same sex 2) mixed sex Why? Argyle: channel control d) eye contact and proximity (class demo of Argyle and Dean experiment) e. The Stare: Affiliation or Dominance? 1) Affiliation: aa) Intimacy--close friends, lovers bb) females cc)”look me in the eye” dd) your prof as salesperson ee) your prof as hitchiker 2) Dominance aa) Symbol of aggression or hostile intent in other animals, especially nonhuman primates who are experts 11) Go down to the Zoo and imitate your prof. 22) See cartoon 33) Research by Exline with Chimps 44) Humans and Civil Inattention (Goffman) e.g., staring contests, elevator, Old Leonard, and study by Elllsworth, Carlsmith, & Henson (see overhead. 9. PARLINGUISTICS a) timing b) emotional tone c) speech errors 10. SMELL --pheremones chemical agents which transmit information A. Research by Stuart (see overhead) B. Territoriality 1. rabbits 2. dogs 3. gerbils 4. humans C. Aggression 1. gerbils 2. rats 3. humans D. SEX 1. rats 2. chimpanzees 3. starfish 4. humans 5. musk 6. sex and synchronization a. rats b. humans 1) nurses, female prisoners, and others isolated 2) Michigan study (McClintock, 1971) 3) Essence of Genivieve 4) Prell and Doty 5) Porkmate 6) ads and advice columns E. Other 1. Von Frisch’s bees 2. Rats & schizophrenia 3. smells of Eastern and Western people 4. colognes, perfumes, & deodorants 11. Colour ?? CONCLUSIONS: So what is the purpose of Nonverbal Communication? Argyle: Whereas verbal communication deals with *** ******, nonverbal communication deals **** *** ******* ******* *** ***********. Very much like our non-human brethren who communicate very well with regard to liking, friendship, and dominance. Thankyou and Have a Good Day!