Download The Muscular System

44
The
Muscular
System
45
The Muscular System
Unit Front Page
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The Muscular System
At the end of this unit, I will:
□ Draw and label the basic structure of a neuron and describe how an action
potential propagates along its axon.
□ Graph an action potential and be able to explain polarization,
depolarization, and hyperpolarization of the cell interior with respect to its
environment.
□ Compare and contrast the basic type of muscle, and list the important
functions of muscle.
□ Describe the gross (macro) structure of a skeletal muscle.
□ Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules.
□ Explain the sliding filament mechanism, including all proteins, filaments,
and ions that are involved.
□ Define the motor unit and explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to
contract.
□ Define a muscle twitch and describe events occurring during its phases.
□ Explain how smooth, graded contractions of a skeletal muscle are
produced.
□ Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions.
□ Explain why ATP is considered the cellular currency, and describe ways in
which ATP is generated during skeletal muscle contraction.
□ Explain the aerobic pathway for generating ATP.
□ Explain the anaerobic pathway for generating ATP and how this leads to
muscle fatigue.
Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes I will understand and recognize in words
are:
□ Fasci-, metric-, myo-, sarco-, stria-, synap-, tetan-, raph□ –lemma, -penna, -stalsis
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Types of Muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Structure and Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle
Fill in the circles with the following terms in order from smallest to greatest:
myofilament, myofibril, muscle, fascicle, sarcomere, muscle fiber (terms not in
order)
Myofilament
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Reading Guide: Chapter 9
The Muscular System
1. Read page 280-281: Overview of Muscle Tissues
On page 48 of your intNB, fill out the 3-column table of the three types of muscle. You will
need at least four facts for each muscle type in your column.
2. Read pages 281-284: Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle:
On page 48 of your intNB, fill the overlapping circles with the terms related to the structure
and organizational level of skeletal muscle. Fill in the terms such that the larger structure is
written on the outer, larger circle, while the smaller microstructure is written on the inner,
smaller circle. The first term is filled out for you as an example.
3. Read pages 284 – 287: Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.
On page 51 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section.
4. Read pages 287 – 288: Sliding Filament Model of Contraction.
On page 51 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section. A careful look at Figure 9.6 on
page 289 of your textbook may help you understand this section for your GIST.
5. Read pages 288 – 294: Physiology of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.
On page 50 of your intNB, properly cut and glue a 4-tab vertical notebook foldable
(template provided by your teacher) to explain the events in the generation and
propagation of an action potential. When gluing, the images should face the outside. When
you open the images, the summary of the events should be written underneath. DO NOT
COPY word for word, the steps in your textbook, but rather summarize in your own words
to explain the images.
6. Read pages 295 – 300: Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle.
On page 53, write a GIST about this section.
7. Read pages 300 – 304: Muscle Metabolism.
On page 52 of your intNB, recreate figure 9.20 on page 303 of your textbook, explaining
the methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity.
8. Read pages 304 – 305: Force of Muscle Contraction.
On page 54 of your intNB, create an Acrostic Organizer for this section. If you do not
remember or know how to do this, refer to page 19 of your intNB for instructions. Don’t
forget to illustrate your acrostic using color.
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Generation and Propagation of an Action Potential
(4-tab foldable)
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Reading Guide Chapter 9: The Muscular System
GIST 1
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
GIST 2
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
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Methods of Regenerating ATP during Muscle Activity
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GIST 3
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
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Acrostic Organizer
Topic: Force of Muscle Contraction.
Key Word (choose your own key word from the section for your Acrostic):
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Cellular Respiration Song: Oxidate it or Love it/Electron to the Next One
"Hate it or love it" by 50 Cent/The Game and "On to the next one" by Jay-Z.
Extra Credit: Memorize and perform this rap during FIRE or film a video…
Yeah…. Let’s eat a snack… uh huh….
High school I was confused about the oxidation of food.
It seemed too complex, glycoly- had me confused.
But it’s a simple concept, now I’m in the mood for
Learning how I’m burning glucose as a food source
I want to live good so my cells take energy from the bonds in the sugar – put it into ATP
[Glycolysis] Takes ten enzymes, and it takes ten steps
Wind up with pyruvate, yeah, still got energy left
So mitochondria can take’ em to burn it down to Acetyl-CoA so Krebs gonna turn
So the energy you get from eatin’ them blue-berries is ferried [by NADH and FADH2]
to where high energy electrons are carried
Hate it or love it, glycolysis gonna chop glucose down to two C-blocks [pyruvates]
Go head study me. I make ATP. And I’ma be on your test so you should get to know me
And if you got enough oxygen in stock, Krebs gonna cycle, homie, until your heart stops
Go head study me. I help make ATP, by making NADH, so you should get to know me.
NADH Dehydro! Inner membrane of the mitochon. Using NADH from Krebs to pump protons
Thanks to electrons, which we transportin.
So important that we gotta switch it to the next song…
So many ways to pump protons. Choose one.
Now let them [protons] flow.
And watch your ATP supply grow.
Electron to the next one. On to the next.
Electron to the next one. On to the next
Electron to the next one. On to the next
Electron to the next one. On to the next
Hold up… freeze… Somebody synthesize some ATPs!
Oxidative phosphorylation is complex. Students say how come?
If it wasn’t so many steps – inefficient outcome.
If the energy from the food that you eat was burned in one big step then you’d lose more as
heat
So when the e minuses [electrons] move down the chain, they make protons move across the
membrane
And when the pro[ton]-flow get the synthase a-rumbling to make ATP
– chemiosmotic coupling
But as electrons get passed along, see, to help do their work, they lose a little moxy.
So by the end you need a little oxy to remove the e- and keep it rolling like Yahtzee!
Kreb’s making CO2 and oxygen oxidating. Why do you think they call it cellular respiration?
Burning our food to make ATP stacks, son. Oxygen present? Electron to the next one.
Lollipops and tangerines.
Somebody synthesize some ATPs.
So all you kids thinkin’
What’s the point of all of these crazy steps. What a mess, making ATPs.
Why ya gotta do from glu- to pyru- from Co-As to synthase?
Shoot, why you think we need to breathe?
Well, adenosine triphosphate’s [ATP] beauty ain’t hard to tell. Helps the cell do its duty.
Even Judy could judge that crucial to me to pump sodium out or keep my myosin movin.
Which is to say that it’s fuel for your brain, or your muscles in a tussle, insane.
So when you think, jerk, run, ball, take a test, or drop new flows, remember how you make ATP
out of glucose
Hate it or love it, glycolysis gonna chop glucose down to two C-blocks [pyruvates]
Go head study me. I make ATP. And if you eat a burrito than you can get to know me
And if you got enough Oxygen in stock, mitochondria will do oxidative phosphorylation
Go head study me. I make ATP. I make helluva lot. So you should get to know me.
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Chemical Structure of ATP
Structure of ATP (Simplified Form)
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Date_______________
Redox and ATP: Cellular Currency
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Diagram the Process of Cellular Respiration:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
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Date_______________
Crash Course on Cellular Respiration
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Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration Review
Directions: Watch the video presented in class, and create a storyboard to review cellular
respiration, as modeled by your teacher. This will serve as your “notes”.
Star Organelle: Mitochondria
The Story of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Formation of Acetyl-CoA
The Electron Transport Chain
We get the following molecules at
Step
THE
by
Step
END
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Types of Muscle: (Take notes directly on this page)
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Date_______________
Introduction to Muscle Anatomy
Muscle Functions
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Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Organization
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Insulation of Muscles: Muscle Membranes
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Sarcomere (Student Illustration from Lecture)
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Pre-lab Questions
Problem: (Create a clear, scientific question investigated in this lab. The dependent and
independent variables should be clear in your problem statement)
Hypothesis: (use if…then…format)
Control group:
Experimental Group:
Constants:
Background concepts to understand:
Q: Why do the muscle strands remain contracted permanently after adding the ATP
solutions?
A:
Q: In living tissues, calcium is required to activate muscle contraction. Why is it not needed
in the glycerinated muscle?
A:
Q: What is the role of ATP, KCl and MgCl2 solutions in muscle contraction?
A:
Q: Why might be a reason for why the fibers fail to contract during lab?
A:
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Background Information:
Muscle tissue is made of fibers formed by the fusion of cells during development. A single
muscle fiber, barely visible to the unaided eye, had many nuclei that lie close to its outer
membrane. Each fiber contains hundreds of long, threadlike structures called myofibrils,
arranged in parallel. About 75% of a muscle’s total volume is made up of myofibrils.
Myofibrils are the structures that carry out muscle contraction.
Under a microscope myofibers looked striated (striped), with a repeating pattern of bands
and lines perpendicular to the length of the fiber. The banded pattern is caused by an
organized, parallel arrangement of protein filaments within the myofibrils. There are two
types of filaments in a myofibril: thick filaments composed of the protein myosin, and thin
filaments composed of the protein actin.
The actin and myosin filaments are arranged in an orderly, repeated manner, creating units
called sarcomeres. When many filaments are bundled in a cylinder, the repeated
overlapping pattern of filaments results in the banded pattern seen under the microscope.
When you observe the glycerinated muscle fibers with a compound microscope, you should
be able to see bands.
Muscle contraction occurs through the interaction of the actin and myosin filaments in the
sarcomeres. When a muscle contracts, the myosin cross bridges bind to the actin filaments
in a manner that causes the actin filaments to be pulled together across the H zone. Under
the light microscope, the A and I bands are seen to become narrower, and the overall width
of the sarcomeres decreases.
For a muscle fiber to contract, the myosin heads must first be activated by ATP. One
molecule of ATP binds to a myosin head and is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Both ADP and Pi remain bound to the myosin head, and the energy released from ATP
hydrolysis is transferred to the myosin head. The myosin head is now ready to bind to the
actin molecule and cause the contraction. After this has occurs, the myosin head is ready to
interact with a new molecule of ATP which will allow it to release from the actin fiber. If not
ATP is available to reactivate the myosin, the actin/myosin complex remains locked
together and the muscle cannot relax. When an animal (or human) dies, its cellular ATP
stores are depleted and all its muscles lock. This locked condition is called rigor mortis. In
living animals, muscles resume their normal shapes after contraction because they are
pulled by opposing muscles.
The Glycerinated Muscle System – Key information
The glycerinated muscle system is different from muscle in living tissue. The glycerination
process removes ions and ATP from the tissue and disrupts the troponin/tropomyosin
complex so that the binding sites on the actin fibers are no longer blocked. No Calcium is
needed to induce contraction. However, no ATP is present in the glycerinated tissue, so the
myosin heads are not activated. You will be experimenting with adding ATP and ions to the
glycerinated tissue to initiate contraction.. When contraction occurs, you will be able to see
the change in length of the sarcomeres and measure the overall shortening in the length of
the dissected muscle tissue. After the muscle is contracted it will not relax because there is
no opposing muscle to stretch it out.
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Pre-lab Flow-chart
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Materials
Skeletal muscle strips cut into 2 cm lengths (approximate)
Dropper vial of ATP in distilled water
Dropper vial of ATP plus KCL and MgCl2 in distilled water
Dropper vial of KCl and MgCl2 in distilled water
Teasing needle
Petri dish
5 Microscope slides
2 Cover slips
Millimeter ruler
Dissecting Scope
Compound Microscope
Procedure
1. Place the petri dish containing a segment of skeletal muscle tissue on the stage of a
dissecting microscope. Use a teasing needle to gently tease the segment into very thin
strands. You will see optimal results with single muscle fibers, but these are difficult to
obtain. The thinnest strand that you will likely get is a group of two to four fibers.
Note: Strands of muscle exceeding 0.2mm in cross-sectional diameter are too
thick to be used!!
2. Mount a thin strand on a microscope slide with a coverslip. Examine the strand under
magnification. Note the striations in the myofibers. Draw the specimen in your Data section.
3. Transfer three or more of the thinnest strands to a tiny amount of glycerol (taken from
your petri dish) on a second microscope slide. Lay the strands out straight and parallel to
each other. Do not cover them.
Note: The amount of glycerol needed depends on the heat of the microscope lamp and the
length of exposure to heat. With no appreciable heat, the glycerol that adheres to the
strand of fibers is sufficient. The less glycerol used, the easier the fibers are to measure.
4. Using the dissecting scope, measure the length of the strands with a millimeter ruler.
Record these lengths.
5. Flood the strands with several drops of the solution containing ATP plus potassium (KCl)
and magnesium ions (MgCl2). Observe the reaction of the fibers over the next 30 seconds.
Note: It is crucial to avoid cross-contamination between the ATP and
the salt solutions. Such contamination will lead to ambiguous results.
6. After 30 seconds or more, re-measure the strands and calculate the degree of
contraction. Have the fibers changed in width? Record results.
7. Remove one of the contracted strands to another slide. Examine it under a compound
microscope and compare the fibers with those seen in Step 2. What differences do you see?
8. Repeat steps 1-7 using clean slides, new myofibers, and the solution of ATP alone –
record results. Then repeat with the solution of salts alone – record results.
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Draw the uncontracted muscle in the space below. Label any significant features
of the uncontracted muscle fiber using leader lines.
Magnification: __________
Draw the contracted muscle in the space below.
Magnification: __________
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Data
ATP + MgCl2 and KCL Salt solutions
Length of Fibers before treatment
Length of Fibers after treatment
Observation:
Calculate **percentage change of post treatment length to pre treatment length:
** Percentage change between two numbers A (After) and B (Before) can be calculated as:
(B-A) x 100
B
ATP Solution Alone
Length of Fibers before treatment
Length of Fibers after treatment
Observation:
Calculate **percentage change of post treatment length to pre treatment length:
MgCl2 and KCL Solution (Salts Alone)
Length of Fibers before treatment
Length of Fibers after treatment
Observation:
Calculate **percentage change of post treatment length to pre treatment length:
79
Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Graph the average class results. Choose the most appropriate graph for the
data represented. Use color and straight edges when necessary. Don’t forget to
title the graph and label both axes and annotate (explain to the reader what
they are looking at.)
Title: _______________________________
Annotation:
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Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle with ATP
Data Table: Class Results for Percent Change
ATP + MgCl2 and KCL Salt
solutions
ATP Solution Alone
MgCl2 and KCL Solution
(Salts Alone)
Group 1A
Group 1B
Group 2A
Group 2B
Group 3A
Group 3B
Group 4A
Group 4B
Group 5A
Group 5B
Group 6A
Group 6B
Group 7A
Group 7B
Group 8A
Group 8B
AVG
% change
Conclusion:
Submit the conclusion on the wiki, as directed by your teacher. Write in 3rd person
objective. No personal pronouns. Your conclusion should be organized into clear
paragraphs, a separate paragraph for each of the following prompts:
□
□
□
□
Explain what happened in this lab – re-address the question for the lab, your
hypotheses, and whether your hypotheses was supported or not supported.
Examine the CLASS data to see if the various solutions had different effects. Make
sure to state the actual numerical data in this discussion. (CD) Explain these results
by comparing with the control group and infer WHY you got these results. Determine
if this data supports or rejects your hypotheses.
Address any possible sources of error and how it may or may not have altered the
results. (It is NOT okay to state that there were no errors simply to make less work
for yourself). Suggest changes in the experimental procedure or design to
circumvent these errors in future studies.
Science is a progressive study. Suggest possibilities for further study and extension.
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Neuron (Student Illustration from Lecture)
Resting Membrane Potential Maintained by Na+/ K+ Pump
82
Date_______________
Introduction to the Nervous System
Membrane Potential
83
Action Potential in a Neuron
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The Neuromuscular Junction:
86
Date_______________
The Neuromuscular Junction
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Isometric vs. Isotonic Contractions.
Motor Twitch
88
Date_______________
Muscle Response
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Wave Summation and Tetanus
Recruitment
Treppe
90
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Aerobic Respiration
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93
Anaerobic Respiration
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Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Contraction
Pre-lab Questions
Identify the Control Group:
Identify the Experimental Group(s):
Constants:
Pre-lab Flowchart:
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Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Contraction
Problem: What is the effect of lactic acid on the contractile ability of skeletal muscles?
Hypothesis: (use if…then…format)
Materials: Graph paper, colored pencils, and a clock.
Procedure:
1. Open and close you hand (either one) rapidly and forcefully, counting the number of
times you can do this in 20 seconds.
2. Rest your hand for 10 seconds only.
3. Repeat the contractions for 10 trials on the same hand and keep a record of the
number of closures you make per trial in column 1 of your data table.
4. Obtain the results for three other group members, recording their age, gender and
data on your data table. Calculate the AVG results amongst all four members
(including yourself).
5. Plot the number of closures per trial on the Y-axis and the number of trials on the Xaxis.
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Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Contraction
Graph the results. Choose the most appropriate graph for the data
represented. Use color and straight edges when necessary. Don’t forget to
title the graph and label both axes and annotate (explain to the reader what
they are looking at.)
Title: _______________________________
Annotation:
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Effect of Fatigue on Muscle Contraction
Data Table:
Trial
Number of Closures
Column 1
(Self)
Age:
Gender:
Column 2
Age:
Gender:
Column 3
Age:
Gender:
Column 4
Age:
Gender:
AVERAGE:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Post-lab Questions: Answer the following questions to be typed up and posted on the
wiki. You do not need to type out each question; however, you will need to rephrase the
questions in your answer. Write in 3rd person objective.
1. Discuss the effect of lactic acid on the contractile ability of skeletal muscles, based
on your results.
2. Explain how lactic acid is produced and identify this as aerobic or anaerobic
respiration. (A graphic in this notebook may help you remember…)
3. What happens to the lactic acid after it is produced?
4. What is oxygen debt and how does it relate to lactic acid?
5. Explain how the production of lactic acid is NECESSARY for the production of ATP in
anaerobic respiration.
6. Describe how your muscles would adapt if you did these hand crunches on a daily
basis (discuss adaptations to exercise).
7. What would happen to these muscles if you were in a cast for six weeks?
101
Discuss these terms in your lab group, and circle the term that does not belong.
Your lab group must have consensus and be ready to justify/defend your
choices with the class
102
Chapter 9
Study Guide
Physiology of
Muscles
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
Muscle
Anatomy
118
How Did You Do That? Activity
Task: To determine which muscles are involved in each of the following
movements.
To the best of your ability, use the information in the text to help you figure out
each of the major muscles that are involved in producing each of the following
movements. There will be more muscles involved than just the ones you are
memorizing – so be as accurate as you can and check on the muscles’ actions.
Situation 1: Sucking on a lollipop
Situation 2: Saluting (armed forces style)
Situation 3: Extending the lower leg so that it is horizontal (if you were sitting on a wall and
the lower leg was dangling)
Situation 4: Pulling yourself up to a horizontal bar
Situation 5: Smiling
Situation 6: Taking one big sideways step with the right leg
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Mink Muscle Dissection
Rubric:
Muscle
Anterior Head/Neck
Sternomastoid
Masseter
External jugular vein
Mandibular gland
Trachea
Lateral Neck/Shoulder
Temporalis
Clavotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
Levator scapulae
Deep Neck Muscles
Rhomboideus capitis
Rhomboideus cervicis
Splenius
Atlantoscapularis
Arm:
Spinodeltoid
Dorsoepitrochlearis
Long head of Triceps
Lateral head of Triceps
Chest:
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Clavobrachialis
Overall Quality of Mink
Dissection (1-10 pts)
Total (out of 170 pts)
Grade on Mink Dissection
Student
ID
(1 point)
Clarity
(1 - 3
points)
Muscle
Student
ID
Clarity
Back/Abdomen:
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus ventralis
Serratus dorsalis
External oblique
Leg:
Lateral View:
Tensor fascia lata
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Caudofemoralis
Vastus lateralis
Leg: Medial View Superficial
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Leg: Medial – Deep
muscles
Rectus femoris
Vastus Medialis
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor femoris
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
153 – 170 =
136 – 152 =
119 – 135 =
102 – 118 =
101 and below
A
B
C
D
=F
120
120
Mink Muscle Dissection
Introduction:
Other than the dry southwest, the American Mink is found in almost all parts of Canada and
the United States. Largely aquatic animals, they live near lakes, streams, marshes, and
other sources of fresh water. Mink are carnivores and important in regulating the
freshwater food chain. They have few natural predators but are targeted by humans over
trapping when fur prices are high (most minks for fur are raised on fur farms).
In the wild, American minks have brown fur. They have weasel-like bodies and bushy tails.
Although active during the day, they are primarily nocturnal animals.
Dissection consists of the intelligent separation of one structure from another. It is
important that you RESPECT the specimen that you dissect and to remember that it was
once a living mammal. The purpose of the dissection is to reflect and study the muscles, as
they parallel the muscle in man. Any inappropriate behavior during dissection will result in
disciplinary action and a zero score on the dissection.
Evaluation:
Your dissection will be evaluated in the following manner:
 Clarity of the dissected muscles (1 – 3 points)
 The ability of the students to show the muscles to the instructor (1 pt)
 Overall quality of the mink specimen (1 – 10 pts)
Refer to page 120 of this intNB for the specific rubric.
In addition, you will be taking a Mink Practical (lab exam), so it will be important for you to
complete and study your notes on the mink as well. And yes, spelling WILL count on the
practicum.
Directional Planes:
Your understanding of directional planes will greatly assist you during this dissection. Refer
to the image below to review the planes. It is simply modified from that of the human.
121
.
Mink Muscle Dissection
Label all the structures marked by leader lines below.
122
Mink Muscle Dissection
Before dissection of each major body region, you will need to first remove all the fat and
membranous fascia from the external surface of your mink. Use a blunt probe to tease the
tissue away from the muscles. After all the extraneous tissue is removed and the superficial
muscles are exposed for that region, you can then begin dissection.
Day 1: Neck Dissection and Removing Extraneous Tissue from Shoulder
1. Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of):
□
□
Sternomastoid
Masseter
2. Identify and reveal:
□ External jugular vein
□ Mandibular gland
□ Trachea
3. Begin removing extraneous tissue from shoulder.
4. Complete the following table:
Muscle Name
Action of Muscle
Sternomastoid
Masseter
Day 2: Shoulder Dissection
1. Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of):
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Temporalis (on the head)
Clavotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
Levator scapulae
Spinodeltoid
Clavobrachialis
2. Complete the following table:
Muscle Name
Action of Muscle
Temporalis
Clavotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
Levator scapulae
Spinodeltoid
Clavobrachialis
123
Mink Muscle Dissection
Label all the structures marked by leader lines below.
124
Mink Muscle Dissection
Optional: Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of) deep muscles. To do this, the
Clavotrapezius must be completely removed on one side of the mink:
□
□
□
□
□
Rhomboideus capitis
Rhomboideus cervicis
Rhomboideus thoracis
Splenius
Alantoscapularis
Day 3: Arm and Chest Dissection and Removing Extraneous Tissue from Back
1. Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of):
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Spinodeltoid
Clavobrachialis
Dorsoepitrochlearis
Long and lateral head of triceps
Brachialis
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
2. Begin removing extraneous tissue from back
3. Complete the following table:
Muscle Name
Action of Muscle
Spinodeltoid
Clavobrachialis
Dorsoepitrochlearis
Triceps, long head
Triceps, lateral head
Brachialis
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Day 4: Back and Removing Extraneous Tissue from Leg
Note: You will need one side of the mink to be for the superficial upper back muscles and
the other side for deeper muscles. Remove the Latissimus dorsi from under one arm.
1. Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of):
□ Latissimus dorsi
□ Serratus ventralis
□ Serratus dorsalis
□ External Abdominal Oblique – just locate. Do not cut or remove.
125
Mink Muscle Dissection
Label all the structures marked by leader lines below:
126
Mink Muscle Dissection
2. Complete the following table:
Muscle Name
Action of Muscle
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus ventralis
Serratus dorsalis
External Oblique
Day 5: Leg Dissection
Note: You will need one side of the mink for superficial leg muscles and the other side for
deeper muscles.
1. Dissect (separate and reveal the edges of):
Lateral View:
□ Tensor fascia lata
□ Gluteus maximus
□ Biceps femoris
□ Caudofemoralis
□ Semitendinosus (origin is seen on lateral view)
□ Vastus lateralis (deep to tensor fascia lata)
Medial View: Superficial
□ Sartorius
□ Gracilis
□ Semitendinosus
Medial View: Deep Muscles
Note: You must remove the Sartorius and Gracilis to view these.
□ Rectus femoris
□ Vastus medialis
□ Pectineus
□ Adductor longus
□ Adductor femoris
□ Semimembranosus
□ Semitendinosus (insertion)
□ Gastrocnemius
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Mink Muscle Dissection
Label all the structures marked by leader lines below
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Mink Muscle Dissection
2. Complete the following table:
Muscle Name
Action of Muscle
Tensor fascia lata
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Caudofemoralis
Vastus lateralis
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
Day 6: Mink Dissection Review and Assessment Day
Final grading of dissection by your teacher.
Day 7: Mink Practicum
Identification of mink muscle anatomy during lab practicum
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Mink Muscle Dissection
Label all the structures marked by leader lines below
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Human Muscle List
To Know, Love, and Memorize!
Anterior
Head
 Frontalis (Frontal belly of
epicranius)
 Orbicularis oculi
 Orbicularis oris
 Masseter
 Zygomaticus
 Temporalis
 Buccinator
Neck/Shoulder
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Deltoid
 Teres major
 Teres minor
 Infraspinatus
Upper Arm:
 Biceps Brachii
Thorax:
 Pectoralis Major

Fibularis longus
Posterior
Neck/Shoulder
 Trapezius
 Deltoid (also on anterior view)
Arm:
 Triceps Brachii
Back:
 Latissimus Dorsi
Hip:
 Gluteus Medius
 Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings:
 Biceps Femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
Lower Leg:
 Gastrocnemius
 Soleus
Abdomen:
 Rectus Abdominis
 External Oblique
 Transversus Abdominis
Thigh:
 Sartorius
 Tensor fascia lata
 Adductor longus
 Adductor magnus
 Pectineus
 Gracilis
 Rectus Femoris
 Vastus Lateralis
 Vastus Medialis
Lower Leg:
 Tibialis Anterior
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Chapter 10
Study Guide
Muscle Anatomy
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8
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4
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5
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6
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Color and label all muscles marked by leader lines on Figure 10-10. Use the following muscle list.
Gluteus medius
Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Biceps Femoris
Pectineus
Gastrocnemius
Adductor longus
Soleus
Sartorius
Tibialis anterior
Gracilis
Fibularis longus
Semitendinosus
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Semitendinosus
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Muscular System
Unit Back Page (See page 19 for instructions)
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