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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH KEY CONCEPTS Concepts • • • • • • Biological Diversity Species & Populations Diversity within Species Habitat Diversity Niches Natural Selection of genetic characteristics Learning Outcomes • Describe abundance of life on Earth in different environments • Describe Examples of variation among species and within species. • Explain how variation contributes to survival. KEY CONCEPTS Learning Outcomes • Identify examples of niches and describe how closely related things can survive in the same ecosystem. • Explain how the survival of one species might be dependent on another species. • Identify examples of natural selection. SCARAB BEETLES… THINK ABOUT THE WIDE RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT EXIST ON EARTH… • Frigid cold of the poles. STEAMY HEAT OF THE TROPICS NO SINGLE ORGANISM CAN SURVIVE IN ALL OF EARTH’S REGIONS • Globally, the rate of extinction is on the rise. • In the past, natural forces have caused most extinctions. • Increasingly, extinctions are being attributed to human influences. • As a consequence, the variety of genetic material is decreasing. LIFE EXISTS IN MANY FORMS • Scientists have identified over 1.5 million species of animals. • And more than 350, 000 species of plants. • Scientists estimate that the species alive today represent only 1% of all the species that have ever lived! DEFINITION? •What is a species? SPECIES… • Is a group of organisms that have the same structure, can reproduce with each other, and whose offspring can reproduce. • There are more species of insects than all other kinds of life forms combined. • Somewhere between 30 and 100 million; scientists have only described a small percentage of this total. NO MATTER HOW UNIQUE THEY APPEAR… • All life forms share certain characteristics. ALL LIVING THINGS: • Are made of cells. • Need energy to grow and develop, and reproduce. • Have adaptations that suit them for the environment in which they live. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY… • Refers to all the different types of organisms on Earth. • Scientists don’t usually examine the entire Earth’s biological diversity at once. • They examine it in smaller groupings. DIVERSITY BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS • In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with other living and non-living (abiotic) things in a shared environment. • List some biotic and abiotic things in the St. Mark ecosystem. ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS • Us • Plants • Mice • Dogs/Cats • Miley Cryrus (Baby lizard) TOGETHER… • The living and non-living factors function as a system, hence the term “ecosystem”. • There is a huge variety, or diversity, of ecosystems on Earth. • The number and types of species and abiotic elements can vary from ecosystem to ecosystem. BOREAL FOREST/PRAIRIE SLOUGH DIVERSITY WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM • When members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources, these individuals form a population. • When populations of different species live in the same area, these different populations form a community. POPULATION COMMUNITY DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES • If you look closely at any population, you will notice there are subtle variations between the individual members of the populations. • Magpies: bill shape; wingspan; colour; pattern. GENETIC DIVERSITY • Refers to the variations between members of a population. • In most populations, these variations are caused by subtle variations in the cells of the organism. BANDED SNAIL SHOWS A LOT OF GENETIC DIVERITY SOME VARIATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AREN’T VISIBLE • Can you think of a possible unseen variation between these individuals of a population? BLOOD TYPE! • All human blood looks the same, but can be classified into blood types: A, B, AB, or O LESS DIVERSITY ON PURPOSE? • Over time, humans have bred plants and animals so that as many individuals as possible show the same useful or desired characteristics. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION • Example… Bird species in North and Central America. THE SPECIES ON EARTH • Are not distributed evenly. • Areas around the equator have the greatest number of plant species, and these provide food and shelter to a wide variety of organisms. • The number of plant and animal species is the greatest in the tropical region, so tropical rain forests in the equatorial regions contain the greatest biological diversity. •So… where do you think the lowest biological diversity is found? ARTIC & ANTARCTIC REGIONS • (North & South Poles. Why? CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY • Barrel owl & Northern Spotted owl… although they look alike, the do not breed. CAROLUS LINNAEUS • In the 18th century, a Swedish scientist who developed a system for naming organisms & classifying them in a meaningful way. HE USED LATIN • Why? COMMON SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE OF THE TIME • Brought worldwide consistency to the naming of species. • In his system, two words name each living thing: • The first word indicates the genus to which the organism belongs. • The second word indicates the particular species. NO 2 SPECIES CAN HAVE THE SAME NAME • Closely related species can have the same genus name, but not the same species name. • Red Wolf • Canis rufus Timber Wolf Canis lupus • Is a dog closely related to wolves? • Canus familiaris LINNAEUS ORGANIZED SPECIES INTO GROUPS BASED ON THEIR PHYSICAL STRUCTURE… • Rather than on their habitat (where they lived), which earlier systems had done. • How was this an improvement? • Modern scientists have further developed his classification system. • Can you think of a scientific advance/technology that has really helped classify organisms (diversity)? MNEMONIC DEVICE • King Philip Swiftly Cut Open Five Green Snakes. • Kingdom, Phylum, Subphyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM • Scientists are using a 6 kingdom system more and more because research has shown that one group of bacteria is genetically different from other bacteria. • What was once one kingdom, Monera, has now been divided in to two new kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY UNDER THE SEA • Coral reefs have been called the “amazons of the oceans” because of the richness of their species diversity. • Coral polyps form the living layer of the coral reef. • These tiny organisms provide energy for coral communities by converting sunlight to fuel. • Coral reefs can be massive & thousands of years old. CHECK & REFLECT • Page 15, #s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 & 9 • Due, Monday, September 21, 2014 (Must be handed in).