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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH
KEY CONCEPTS
Concepts
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Biological Diversity
Species & Populations
Diversity within Species
Habitat Diversity
Niches
Natural Selection of
genetic characteristics
Learning Outcomes
• Describe abundance
of life on Earth in
different environments
• Describe Examples of
variation among
species and within
species.
• Explain how variation
contributes to survival.
KEY CONCEPTS
Learning
Outcomes
• Identify examples of
niches and describe
how closely related
things can survive in the
same ecosystem.
• Explain how the survival
of one species might
be dependent on
another species.
• Identify examples of
natural selection.
SCARAB BEETLES…
THINK ABOUT THE WIDE RANGE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT EXIST ON
EARTH…
• Frigid cold of the poles.
STEAMY HEAT OF THE TROPICS
NO SINGLE ORGANISM CAN SURVIVE IN ALL OF
EARTH’S REGIONS
• Globally, the rate of extinction is on the rise.
• In the past, natural forces have caused most
extinctions.
• Increasingly, extinctions are being attributed to
human influences.
• As a consequence, the variety of genetic material is
decreasing.
LIFE EXISTS IN MANY FORMS
• Scientists have identified over 1.5 million species of
animals.
• And more than 350, 000 species of plants.
• Scientists estimate that the species alive today
represent only 1% of all the species that have ever
lived!
DEFINITION?
•What is a species?
SPECIES…
• Is a group of organisms that have the same
structure, can reproduce with each other, and
whose offspring can reproduce.
• There are more species of insects than all other
kinds of life forms combined.
• Somewhere between 30 and 100 million; scientists
have only described a small percentage of this
total.
NO MATTER HOW UNIQUE THEY
APPEAR…
• All life forms share certain characteristics.
ALL LIVING THINGS:
• Are made of cells.
• Need energy to grow and develop, and
reproduce.
• Have adaptations that suit them for the
environment in which they live.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY…
• Refers to all the different types of organisms on
Earth.
• Scientists don’t usually examine the entire Earth’s
biological diversity at once.
• They examine it in smaller groupings.
DIVERSITY BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS
• In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with
other living and non-living (abiotic) things in a
shared environment.
• List some biotic and abiotic things in the St. Mark
ecosystem.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
• Us
• Plants
• Mice
• Dogs/Cats
• Miley Cryrus (Baby lizard)
TOGETHER…
• The living and non-living factors function as a
system, hence the term “ecosystem”.
• There is a huge variety, or diversity, of ecosystems
on Earth.
• The number and types of species and abiotic
elements can vary from ecosystem to ecosystem.
BOREAL FOREST/PRAIRIE SLOUGH
DIVERSITY WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM
• When members of a species live in a specific area
and share the same resources, these individuals
form a population.
• When populations of different species live in the
same area, these different populations form a
community.
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES
• If you look closely at any population, you will notice
there are subtle variations between the individual
members of the populations.
• Magpies: bill shape; wingspan; colour; pattern.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
• Refers to the variations between members of a
population.
• In most populations, these variations are caused by
subtle variations in the cells of the organism.
BANDED SNAIL SHOWS A LOT OF
GENETIC DIVERITY
SOME VARIATIONS BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS AREN’T VISIBLE
• Can you think of a possible unseen variation
between these individuals of a population?
BLOOD TYPE!
• All human blood looks the same, but can be
classified into blood types: A, B, AB, or O
LESS DIVERSITY ON PURPOSE?
• Over time, humans have bred plants and animals so
that as many individuals as possible show the same
useful or desired characteristics.
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
• Example… Bird species in North and Central
America.
THE SPECIES ON EARTH
• Are not distributed evenly.
• Areas around the equator have the greatest
number of plant species, and these provide food
and shelter to a wide variety of organisms.
• The number of plant and animal species is the
greatest in the tropical region, so tropical rain
forests in the equatorial regions contain the greatest
biological diversity.
•So… where do you think the
lowest biological diversity is
found?
ARTIC & ANTARCTIC REGIONS
• (North & South Poles. Why?
CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• Barrel owl & Northern Spotted owl… although they
look alike, the do not breed.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
• In the 18th century, a Swedish scientist who
developed a system for naming organisms &
classifying them in a meaningful way.
HE USED LATIN
• Why?
COMMON SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE OF
THE TIME
• Brought worldwide consistency to the naming of
species.
• In his system, two words name each living thing:
• The first word indicates the genus to which the
organism belongs.
• The second word indicates the particular species.
NO 2 SPECIES CAN HAVE THE SAME
NAME
• Closely related species can have the same genus
name, but not the same species name.
• Red Wolf
• Canis rufus
Timber Wolf
Canis lupus
• Is a dog closely related to wolves?
• Canus familiaris
LINNAEUS ORGANIZED SPECIES INTO GROUPS
BASED ON THEIR PHYSICAL STRUCTURE…
• Rather than on their habitat (where they lived),
which earlier systems had done.
• How was this an improvement?
• Modern scientists have further developed his
classification system.
• Can you think of a scientific advance/technology
that has really helped classify organisms (diversity)?
MNEMONIC DEVICE
• King Philip Swiftly Cut Open Five Green Snakes.
• Kingdom, Phylum, Subphyla, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, and Species.
6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
• Scientists are using a 6 kingdom system more and
more because research has shown that one group
of bacteria is genetically different from other
bacteria.
• What was once one kingdom, Monera, has now
been divided in to two new kingdoms,
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY UNDER THE
SEA
• Coral reefs have been called the “amazons of the
oceans” because of the richness of their species
diversity.
• Coral polyps form the living layer of the coral reef.
• These tiny organisms provide energy for coral
communities by converting sunlight to fuel.
• Coral reefs can be massive & thousands of years
old.
CHECK & REFLECT
• Page 15, #s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 & 9
• Due, Monday, September 21, 2014 (Must be
handed in).