Download BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
VA R I E T Y O F L I F E O N E A R T H
KEY CONCEPTS
Concepts
Learning Outcomes
•  Biological Diversity
•  Species & Populations
•  Diversity within Species
•  Habitat Diversity
•  Niches
•  Natural Selection of
genetic characteristics
•  Describe abundance
of life on Earth in
different environments
•  Describe Examples of
variation among
species and within
species.
•  Explain how variation
contributes to survival.
KEY CONCEPTS
Learning
Outcomes
•  Identify examples of
niches and describe
how closely related
things can survive in the
same ecosystem.
•  Explain how the survival
of one species might
be dependent on
another species.
•  Identify examples of
natural selection.
SCARAB BEETLES…
THINK ABOUT THE WIDE RANGE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT EXIST ON
EARTH…
•  Frigid cold of the poles.
STEAMY HEAT OF THE TROPICS
NO SINGLE ORGANISM CAN SURVIVE IN ALL OF
EARTH’S REGIONS
•  Globally, the rate of extinction is on the rise.
•  In the past, natural forces have caused most
extinctions.
•  Increasingly, extinctions are being attributed to
human influences.
•  As a consequence, the variety of genetic material is
decreasing.
LIFE EXISTS IN MANY FORMS
•  Scientists have identified over 1.5 million species of
animals.
•  And more than 350, 000 species of plants.
•  Scientists estimate that the species alive today
represent only 1% of all the species that have ever
lived!
DEFINITION?
• What is a species?
SPECIES…
•  Is a group of organisms that have the same
structure, can reproduce with each other, and
whose offspring can reproduce.
•  There are more species of insects than all other
kinds of life forms combined.
•  Somewhere between 30 and 100 million; scientists
have only described a small percentage of this
total.
NO MATTER HOW UNIQUE THEY
APPEAR…
•  All life forms share certain characteristics.
ALL LIVING THINGS:
•  Are made of cells.
•  Need energy to grow and develop, and reproduce.
•  Have adaptations that suit them for the
environment in which they live.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY…
•  Refers to all the different types of organisms on
Earth.
•  Scientists don’t usually examine the entire Earth’s
biological diversity at once.
•  They examine it in smaller groupings.
DIVERSITY BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS
•  In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with
other living and non-living (abiotic) things in a
shared environment.
•  List some biotic and abiotic things in the St. Mark
ecosystem.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
•  Us
•  Plants
•  MiceJ
•  Dogs/Cats
•  Miley Cryrus (Baby lizard)
TOGETHER…
•  The living and non-living factors function as a
system, hence the term “ecosystem”.
•  There is a huge variety, or diversity, of ecosystems
on Earth.
•  The number and types of species and abiotic
elements can vary from ecosystem to ecosystem.
BOREAL FOREST/PRAIRIE SLOUGH
DIVERSITY WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM
•  When members of a species live in a specific area
and share the same resources, these individuals
form a population.
•  When populations of different species live in the
same area, these different populations form a
community.
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES
•  If you look closely at any population, you will notice
there are subtle variations between the individual
members of the populations.
•  Magpies: bill shape; wingspan; colour; pattern.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
•  Refers to the variations between members of a
population.
•  In most populations, these variations are caused by
subtle variations in the cells of the organism.
BANDED SNAIL SHOWS A LOT OF
GENETIC DIVERITY
SOME VARIATIONS BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS AREN’T VISIBLE
•  Can you think of a possible unseen variation
between these individuals of a population?
BLOOD TYPE!
•  All human blood looks the same, but can be
classified into blood types: A, B, AB, or O
LESS DIVERSITY ON PURPOSE?
•  Over time, humans have bred plants and animals so
that as many individuals as possible show the same
useful or desired characteristics.
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
•  Example… Bird species in North and Central
America.
THE SPECIES ON EARTH
•  Are not distributed evenly.
•  Areas around the equator have the greatest
number of plant species, and these provide food
and shelter to a wide variety of organisms.
•  The number of plant and animal species is the
greatest in the tropical region, so tropical rain forests
in the equatorial regions contain the greatest
biological diversity.
• So… where do you think the
lowest biological diversity is
found?
ARTIC & ANTARCTIC REGIONS
•  (North & South Poles. Why?
CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
•  Barrel owl & Northern Spotted owl… although they
look alike, the do not breed.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
•  In the 18th century, a Swedish scientist who
developed a system for naming organisms &
classifying them in a meaningful way.
HE USED LATIN
• Why?
COMMON SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE OF
THE TIME
•  Brought worldwide consistency to the naming of
species.
•  In his system, two words name each living thing:
•  The first word indicates the genus to which the
organism belongs.
•  The second word indicates the particular species.
NO 2 SPECIES CAN HAVE THE SAME
NAME
•  Closely related species can have the same genus
name, but not the same species name.
•  Red Wolf
•  Canis rufus
Timber Wolf
Canis lupus
•  Is a dog closely related to wolves?
•  Canus familiaris
LINNAEUS ORGANIZED SPECIES INTO GROUPS
BASED ON THEIR PHYSICAL STRUCTURE…
•  Rather than on their habitat (where they lived),
which earlier systems had done.
•  How was this an improvement?
•  Modern scientists have further developed his
classification system.
•  Can you think of a scientific advance/technology
that has really helped classify organisms (diversity)?
MNEMONIC DEVICE
•  King Philip Swiftly Cut Open Five Green Snakes.
•  Kingdom, Phylum, Subphyla, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, and Species.
6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
•  Scientists are using a 6 kingdom system more and
more because research has shown that one group
of bacteria is genetically different from other
bacteria.
•  What was once one kingdom, Monera, has now
been divided in to two new kingdoms,
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY UNDER THE
SEA
•  Coral reefs have been called the “amazons of the
oceans” because of the richness of their species
diversity.
•  Coral polyps form the living layer of the coral reef.
•  These tiny organisms provide energy for coral
communities by converting sunlight to fuel.
•  Coral reefs can be massive & thousands of years
old.
CHECK & REFLECT
•  Page 15, #s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 & 9
•  Due, Monday, September 21, 2014 (Must be
handed in).