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Three Domains
Three Domains
Phylogenetic trees
A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram
showing the evolutionary relationships
among various biological species
Evidence
• Comparative anatomy
• Using radioisotope
dating, such as
Potassium-argon dating
method. 40K has a half
life of 1.248×109 years
to 40Ca and 40Ar.
• DNA analysis – The
greater the difference,
the longer ago two
species separated
The Primates
Questions
1. Which two spiecies
would you expect to
show the greatest
similarity in their DNA
sequences?
Questions
D = Drosophila
1. How long ago did D.
Melanogaster’s ancestors
separate from the
ancestors of D.
pseudoobscura to form
two separate species
2. Which species would you
expect to be most similar
to D. ananassae:
D. Persimilis or D.
Secheilia?
Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
Carl Linnæus or Carl von Linné (1707–1778).
The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carl Linnæus who learnt to
speak Latin from a very young age. The names are in two parts (binomial), the first
name being the name of the genus and the second the name of the species. Two
organisms with the same genus name will be closely related. This is not so for the
species name.
List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—
using an example from two different kingdoms for
each level.
Orcinus orca
List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—
using an example from two different kingdoms for
each level.
Kingdom .... Plantae
Phylum .... Magnoliophyta
Class .... Magnoliopsida
Order .... Fagales
Family .... Fagaceae
Genus .... Quercus
Species .... robur
Quercus robur
(English Oak)
Distinguish between the following phyla of plants,
using simple external recognition features:
bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and
angiospermophyta.
Phylum
Roots, leaves and stems
Reproductive structures
Bryophyta
No roots, instead they have structures
similar to root hairs called rhizoids.
Mosses have simple leaves and stems.
Spores are produced in capsule. The
capsule develops at the end of a stalk.
Filicinophyta
Have roots, leaves and short nonwoody stems. Leaves are usually
pinnate (divided into leaflets) and
curled up in a bud
Spores are produced in sporangia,
usually on the underside of the
leaves.
Coniferophyta
Shrubs or trees with roots, leaves and
woody stems. Leaves are usually
narrow with thick waxy cuticle.
Seeds are produced from ovules on
the surface of the scales of female
cones. Male cones produce pollen.
Angiospermaphyta
Many different characteristics but
usually have roots, leaves and stems.
Stems of flowering plants that develop
into shrubs and trees are woody.
Seeds are produced from ovules
inside the ovaries. The ovaries are
part of the flower. The fruits then
develop from the ovaries and
disperse the seeds.
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum
angiospermophyta
Phylum
coniferophyta
Phylum
filicinophyta
Phylum
bryophyta
Phylum bryophyta
Rhizoids
Phylum filicinophyta
Fonds (pinnate leaves)
Sporangia
Rhizoid
Roots
Phylum coniferophyta
Seeds in cones
Needlelike leaves
Phylum angiospermophyta
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum
Common
Name
Features
bryophyta
Mosses and
liverworts
No true roots
Produce spores
Grow in damp
places
filicinophyta
Ferns
True roots
Produce spores
Leaves form fonds
coniferophyta
Conifers
Needle-like leaves
‘Naked’ seeds
angiospermophyta
Flowering
Plants
Produce flowers
Produce seeds
within a fruit
Phylum
bryophyta
Phylum
coniferophyta
Sort the photographs in the centre into the four taxa
by dragging the images into the correct sections
Phylum
filicinophyta
Phylum
angiospermo
phyta
Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using
simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria,
platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.
Phylum
Features
Reproductive structures
porifera
no clear symmetry
attached to a surface
no mouth or anus
Example: Mermaid's Glove
Haliclona oculata
cnidaria
radially symmetric
tentacles with stinging cells
mouth but no anus
Example: Hydra oligactis
platyhelminthes
bilaterally symmetrical
flat unsegmented bodies
mouth but no anus
Example: Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica
annelida
bristles often present
segmented
mouth and anus
Example: Earthworm Lumbricus
terrestris
mollusca
muscular foot
shell may be present
Example: Banded snail cepaea
nemoralis
arthropoda
bilaterally symmetric
exoskeleton
Segmented and jointed appendages
Example: Edible crab Cancer pagurus
Phylum Porifera
Mermaid’s Glove
Phylum cnidaria
Brown Hydra Hydra oligactis
Phylum platyhelminthes
Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica
Phylum annelida
Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
Phylum mollusca
Banded Snail Cepea nemoralis
Phylum arthropoda
Edible crab Cancer pagurus
Apply and design a key for a group of up
to eight organisms.
Example of a Dichotomous Key:
1. Organism is a plant ...................................................................................... Go to Q2
Organism is not a plant (animal) ................................................................ Go to Q5
2. Has no 'true' leaves or roots ....................................................................... Bryophyta
Has leaves and roots ................................................................................... Go to Q3
3. Has no seeds (sporangia) .......................................................................... Filicinophyta
Has seeds ..................................................................................................... Go to Q4
4. Has no flowers ............................................................................................. Coniferophyta
Has flowers ................................................................................................... Angiospermophyta
5. Asymmetrical body plan ............................................................................. Porifera
Symmetrical body plan ............................................................................... Go to Q6
6. Has radial symmetry ................................................................................... Cnidaria
Has bilateral symmetry ............................................................................... Go to Q7
7. Has no anus ................................................................................................. Platyhelminthes
Has an anus ................................................................................................. Go to Q8
8. Has a segmented body .............................................................................. Go to Q9
Has no visible body segmentation ........................................................... Mollusca
9. Have an exoskeleton ................................................................................. Arthropoda
Have no exoskeleton ................................................................................. Annelida
TASK: Collect the leaves from eight or more
deciduous trees in the school grounds and
identify them using a tree identification
tree. Taking photographs of the trees on
your phone will help. Clicking on the image
below will take you to an online key.