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PLANT KINGDOM
(Chapters 29-32)
1. Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs mainly found on land.
2. Plants are the producers that form the base of our food web & on which all
organisms depend for survival.
3. 350,000+ species of plants are used for food, medicines, clothing, building
materials, paper, paint, & cosmetics.
4. Plant are classification as nonvascular (do not have tissues to transport water)
& vascular (do have tissues called xylem & phloem to transport water).
5. Nonvascular plants (Phylum Bryophyta - moss) lack true roots, stems, & leaves;
grow only a few inches high; & are commonly found in moist places.
6. Vascular plants are classified as:
a) seedless plants - (Phylum Pterophyta - ferns) reproduce with spores that
develop into adult plants
b) seed plants - form seeds carried by animals, water, & wind:
1) flowering plants (Phylum Anthophyta) produce enclosed seeds
(magnolia, oak, pecan, grass, fruits & vegetables)
2) conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta) produce unenclosed seeds in cones
&
have needle-like or scaly leaves (pine, cedar, spruce)
7. Roots anchor, absorb water & minerals, & store food. Large taproots grow
deep in the ground & smaller, more numerous fibrous roots spread to control
erosion.
8. The root tip is where cell division occurs & roots grow longer. It is covered by
a root cap & tiny root hairs that increase water absorption.
9. Water absorption by roots is influenced by amount of water lost through
transpiration as water is released by openings on the underside of leaves called
stomata.
10. Stems are adapted to store & transport water & food, & support leaves.
11. Leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Sugar manufactured in leaves
provides energy for growth or it can be stored in roots or fruits until needed.
12. Leaf structure:
a) flattened blade is attached to stem by stalk-like petiole
&
b) simple leaf has only 1 blade & 1 petiole - compound leaves have 1 petiole
a blade divided into leaflets
c) the epidermis & waxy cuticle protect them from damage & water loss
d) water, oxygen, & carbon dioxide enter & exit through stomata
13. Flowers are reproductive structures for some plant species:
the
a) pistil - female reproductive organ made up of the stigma & style - with
ovary at its base containing egg cells
b) stamen - male reproductive organ made up of the filament & the anther
where pollen grains containing sperm are formed
12. Sepals enclose flower bud until it opens. Petals attract pollinators to pistil &
stamen. After pollination (fertilization), seeds mature & will germinate
(sprout) in an environment that provides the required water, oxygen,
temperature, & light.