Download the atomic model - Biology2014-7

THE STANDARD MODEL
OF ATOMS
Everything in the universe is
made of atoms
The atoms are the building blocks of matter and matter is
almost everywhere in the universe
The matter compose the galaxies, stars, planets, plants,
animals, us, microorganisms, air, everything that you can
imagine
All in the universe began with the BIG BANG, that creates
all matter that we see today, and the matter that compose
our bodies
BIG BANG
THE ATOMIC MODEL
The atomic model was
proposed by Neils
Bohr in the 20th
century
The atoms are made of
small particles called
Protons and Neutrons
that are located in the
nucleus, and Electrons
that spins around the
nucleus
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE
MADE OF SMALL PARTICLES
Subatomic particles
are tiny, tiny particles
that unite to produce
Neutrons and Protons
(P+)
Electrons (e-) are
subatomic particles
that spins around the
nucleus near to speed
of light
Subatomic particles
Sub atomic particles are those that compose the atoms
Particles such as quarks compose the neutrons and protons
The electrons are fundamental particles, for that reason are
not made from anything
THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF
NATURE
Strong Interaction
Weak Force
Electromagnetic Force
Gravitational Force
STRONG INTERACTION
It is the force that binds Protons
and Neutrons together to form
the nucleus of an Atom
It is also the force that hold
Quarks together to form Protons,
Neutrons and other Hadrons
particles
The Gluons are virtual particles
shared between and within the
Hadrons
WEAK FORCE
It is responsible of
radioactive decay of
subatomic particles
and initiates a process
known as Hydrogen
fusion in stars
Is caused by exchange
of W and Z Bosons
The best known effect
is Beta-Decay
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Electromagnetism is
concerned with the forces
that occur between
electrically charged
particles
Electrons are bound by
electromagnetic wave
mechanics into orbital
around the Atomic Nuclei
to form Atoms
Electromagnetic
interactions are caused by
messenger particles called
Virtual Photons
Hydrogen is the main atom that
exist in the universe
The 90% of matter
that exist in the
observable universe
is Hydrogen
All the elements of
the periodic table
comes from
Hydrogen atoms
All the elements are
created in the
nucleus of the Stars
THE ELECTROMAGNETISM IS
PRESENT IN OUR DAILY LIFE
The magnetic field of
the Earth protect us
from sun’s cosmic rays
Magnetars are Neutron
Stars with extremely
powerful magnetic field
Black Holes are places in
the universe where space
and time disappear
GRAVITATION FORCE
Gravity Law By Isaac
Newton
Theory of relativity by
Albert Einstein
Space and time are
deformed
The particle of gravity
“Graviton” have not been
detected so far
GRAND UNIFIED THEORY
In the standard model
of particles the
unification of the forces
of nature has been
unified
The electromagnetic,
strong and weak forces
form GUT Theory
The gravity is not
incorporated into this
theory
DARK MATTER AND DARK
ENERGY
Will the universe expanding
forever?
What’s about dark matter?
What happens with dark
energy?
Periodic table of elements
Dimitri Mendeleev was the scientist who in 1869 organized
all the chemical elements in a chart that we know today as
the periodic table
This classification was made according with chemical
properties described by the elements as well as the atomic
number
The mass of elements are determined by the number of
protons and neutrons present in the nucleus
The atomic number is determined by ne number of
protons which is always equal to the number of electrons
that surrounds the nucleus
Atomic number (Z)
The number of Electrons is the atomic number
In all cases the number of electrons is equal to the number
of Protons
For that reason the atomic number comes from the number
of electrons or Protons that a specific atom contains
Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
Atomic mass (A)
Sometimes the number of Neutrons is
slightly higher that the number of
electrons and this kind of atoms are
known as Isotopes
The mass number is p + n
Where p means proton and n neutron
Since (p + n) – p = n
And (A – Z) = n
Exercises
Identify the atomic number (A) of the following elements
Helium (He), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Rubidium (Rb),
Gold (Au), Uranium (U)
Identify the mass number of the previous elements
Number of electrons + number of protons = A
Formulas: Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
Atomic mass = p + n = A
Identify the number of protons of the following isotopes
Deuterium A=2, Carbon 14, Nitrogen 15
(A – Z) = n
Electron configuration
Electron configuration is the way to know how many
electrons spins in every level of energy and which orbital
occupies
The numbers from 1 to 7 refers to level of energy
The letters S, P, D, and F refers to the orbitals
Organization of atoms into levels
of energy
Every electron possess a specific spin that is identify by an
arrow
Every single arrow represents one electron
The number refers to the level of energy that two electron
occupies
The letter refers to the orbit that a specific electron occupies
Exercises
Classify the following elements in the respective levels and
sub-levels of energy
Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)
Fluorine (F)
Oxygen (O)
Manganese (Mn)