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Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses-OH MY!! RW Summit 2014 Kelly Harrison DVM, MS Veterinary Program Manager Objectives • Refresher on cleaning and disinfection • Overview of common infectious diseases – Focus on canines • Discussion on how to keep calm and carry on! Introduction • Controlling infectious disease is a CHALLENGE – Inherent risk – Exposure prior to entry – Animals without clinical signs • Strain on shelter resources – Time – Money – Morale Introduction • So many FACTORS – Animals (host) – Disease (pathogen) – Environment Overview • STRATEGY – Population management – Vaccination – Cleaning and disinfection – Structured plan for sick animals Population Management • Housing capacity • Daily rounds • Stress reduction – Crowding – Random co-mingling • Segregated housing – Dogs and cats – Adults and juveniles Vaccination • Vaccination on intake – DA2PP (dogs) – FVRCP (cats) – Schedule for puppies/kittens o If < 20 weeks: every 2 weeks until at least 20 weeks of age o < 6 months : on intake, day 14 o > 6 months: on intake • Bordetella: prevention versus mitigation Cleaning and Disinfection • Goal: reduce dose of infectious agents in environment • Staff training order is important! – Healthy kittens/puppies – Healthy adults – Stray/Quarantine – Sick/Isolation Cleaning and Disinfection Proper cleaning and disinfection techniques Clean THEN Disinfect • Step1 : Clean – Remove organic material – Detergent activity-soap it up! – Elbow grease (mechanical cleaning) • Step 2: Disinfect Cleaning and Disinfection Don’t forget the… • Transport carriers • Transport vehicles • Windows/walls • Doors/doorknobs • Play yards • Exam tables • Bedding • Toys • • • • • • • Litter boxes Bowls Scoops, brushes Clothing Ventilation ducts Phones/keyboards HANDS!!! Cleaning and Disinfection • Selecting a disinfectant – Risk assessment – Efficacy – Type of surface to be cleaned – Ease of application/storage – Stability/shelf-life – Contact time – Number of steps involved – Cost $$$ – Safety/toxicity Cleaning and Disinfection • Enveloped or not? Enveloped Viruses Non-Enveloped Viruses Canine Distemper Canine Parvovirus Canine Parainfluenza Canine Adenovirus Canine Influenza Feline Calicivirus Feline Herpes Feline Panleukopenia Cleaning and Disinfection • Make sure you are using a disinfectant that is effective against non-enveloped viruses – Bleach o Sodium hypochlorite o Wysiwash® – Oxidizing Agents o Trifectant ®, Virkon ® – Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxides o Accel ®, Oxivir ® Cleaning and Disinfection • Make sure you are using appropriate concentrations – Ex: Bleach o 1:32 for routine cleaning –½ cup bleach with 1 gallon of water o 1:10 for ring worm –1.5 cups bleach with 1 gallon of water • Know your contact times • Inappropriate concentrations can be hazardous – more is not better! Cleaning and Disinfection A word on quaternary ammonium compounds… NOT reliably effective against non-enveloped viruses! Cleaning and Disinfection • Dog runs should be unoccupied for cleaning – “move down one” – guillotine door method – no mop buckets • Different strategy for cats – Spot-cleaning Cleaning and Disinfection • Separate cleaning supplies for different areas • Designated staff – Quarantine – Isolation – No public • Training is key! Plan for Sick Animals • Clinically affected dogs and cats should be segregated – Isolation – Quarantine • Diagnosis • Response to therapy Respiratory Disease • “Max” – 2 year old, intact male – Nasal discharge – Coughing Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Respiratory Disease Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – “Kennel Cough” o Bordetella bronchiseptica o Parainfluenza virus o Adenovirus type 2 o Influenza virus o Respiratory coronavirus o Distemper virus Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Often viral – Secondary bacterial infections Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Incubation period (varies) o Days to weeks – Shedding (varies) o Weeks to months – Transmission o Direct contact with secretions o Sneezing/Coughing/Staff Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Increased risk o Puppies o Unvaccinated adult dogs o Debilitated animals – Consider o Crowding o Co-mingling o Stress Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Diagnosis o Cannot diagnose based on clinical signs! o Bacterial versus viral? Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Management o Removal of clinically affected dogs –Separate housing –PPE for staff (personal protective equipment) o Diagnosis directs treatment and isolation time o Isolation/quarantine –2 weeks –ExceptionCDV Respiratory Disease • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) – Management o Cleaning and disinfection –SO IMPORTANT! o Prevention –Vaccination (prevention versus mitigation) –Population management –Stress reduction Respiratory Disease • In summary… – Vaccination – Recognition – Quarantine/Isolation – Testing – Cleaning/Disinfection Photo courtesy of Dr. Brian DiGangi Respiratory Disease • Vaccine available? o Bordetella bronchiseptica o Parainfluenza virus o Adenovirus type 2 o Influenza virus o Respiratory coronavirus o Distemper virus YES YES YES YES NO YES Respiratory Disease • Mortality? o Bordetella bronchiseptica o Parainfluenza virus o Adenovirus type 2 o Influenza virus o Respiratory coronavirus o Distemper virus LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW HIGH Respiratory Disease Photos courtesy of Dr. Natalie Isaza Respiratory Disease Photo courtesy of Dr. Natalie Isaza Canine Distemper Virus • Highly contagious viral infection • Infects multiple body systems • Mild/early cases can look like “kennel cough” • Transmission – Direct contact with secretions – Sneezing/Coughing/Staff Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Canine Distemper Virus • Clinical Signs – Respiratory o Nasal discharge/ocular discharge o Coughing o Difficulty breathing – Gastrointestinal o Vomiting o Diarrhea o Decreased appetite Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Canine Distemper Virus • Clinical Signs – Neurologic o Highly variable o May occur with or without other clinical signs o May occur early or weeks to months later – Changes in eyes and skin Canine Distemper Virus • Control – Vaccination – Recognition – Quarantine/Isolation – Testing – Cleaning/Disinfection Canine Parvovirus • Highly contagious viral infection – Puppies (Panleukopenia virus in kittens) • Un-enveloped Photos courtesy of Andrea Brower Canine Parvovirus • Clinical signs – Fever – Vomiting – Diarrhea – Dehydration – Death • Transmission – Direct contact with animal or feces – Fomites (toys, bowls, staff) Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Canine Parvovirus • Diagnosis – Cannot diagnose based on clinical signs! o Intestinal parasites, dietary indiscretion, stress – Commercial tests available o IDEXX, Agen, Synbiotics • Management – Decide: to treat or not to treat – Consider: available resources Canine Parvovirus • Management – Removal of clinically affected dogs – Isolation/quarantine – PPE for staff Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Canine Parvovirus • Management – Cleaning and disinfection o SO IMPORTANT! – Prevention o Vaccination –On intake o Population management o Stress reduction Photos courtesy of Andrea Brower Canine Parvovirus • Control – Vaccination – Recognition – Quarantine/Isolation – Testing – Cleaning/Disinfection Diarrhea • Oh the possibilities (its not always parvo!) – Viral – Bacterial – Intestinal parasites – Dietary indiscretion – Stress Photo courtesy of Dr. Brian DiGangi Diarrhea Prophylactic deworming Cleaning and disinfection Zoonotic transmission Isolation Diagnosis versus response to therapy • Supportive care • • • • • Photo courtesy of Dr. Brian DiGangi Skin Disease: Ring Worm • Dermatophytosis “Ring Worm” – Fungal infection – Highly contagious – Zoonotic – Transmission o Direct contact o Contaminated environment Photo courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Skin Disease: Ring Worm • Clinical Signs – Hair loss – Scabbing/crusting – Focal areas on face, ears, feet, or tail – Can look like anything! – Itchiness +/• Diagnosis – Fungal culture Photos courtesy of Dr. Amie Burling Skin Disease: Ring Worm • Increased risk – Age – Species – Immune status – Pre-existing disease Skin Disease: Ring Worm • Prevention – Careful inspection of all incoming animals – Segregate affected animals – Good husbandry • Management – Very durable in the environment – Cleaning and disinfection o SO IMPORTANT! Skin Disease: Ring Worm • ISOLATE • Environmental Decontamination: The 5 D’s – Diagnose – Discard – Debulk – Disinfect – Document Skin Disease: Demodex • Demodectic Mange “Demodex” – Mite – Immunocompromised animals – Generalized versus local infection – Secondary infections Skin Disease: Demodex Photo courtesy of Dr. Natalie Isaza Skin Disease: Demodex Photos courtesy of Dr. Natalie Isaza Skin Disease: Demodex • Demodectic Mange “Demodex” – Diagnosis: skin scrape – Prolonged treatment for generalized demodex – Stress reduction for localized infection Skin Disease: Scabies • Sarcoptic Mange “Scabies” – Mite – Very contagious – Zoonotic! – Transmission o Direct contact o Contaminated environment Skin Disease: Scabies • Sarcoptic Mange “Scabies” – Diagnosis: skin scrape – Management o Isolation o Medical therapy Skin Disease: Scabies Photos courtesy of Dr. Natalie Isaza Skin Disease Skin Disease Conclusion • Prevention – Vaccination – Cleaning/Disinfection • Recognition – Quarantine/Isolation – Testing o So many things look alike! • Manage • Keep calm and RESCUE ON THANK YOU! QUESTIONS?