Download EMPIRES OF INDIA AND CHINA

Name
Class
PART
2.1
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
EMPIRES OF INDIA AND CHINA
As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summarize
information about the religions and empires of India and China.
I. Hinduism and Buddhism
A. Both developed in ancient India.
B. Hinduism
1.
2.
C.
1.
2.
II.
A.
1.
2.
B.
C.
1.
2.
III.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
C.
1.
2.
IV.
A.
B.
1.
2.
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Name
PART
2.1
Class
Date
Section Summary
EMPIRES OF INDIA AND CHINA
Hinduism and Buddhism both developed in ancient India. Hinduism
has no single founder and no single sacred text. Hindus believe that
everything is part of the spiritual force called brahman. The rebirth
of the soul in another body, or reincarnation, allows people to work
toward the goal of union with brahman.
Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism had a single founder, Siddhartha
Gautama, known as the Buddha. Buddhism urges people to seek
enlightenment through meditation, rather than through the priests,
rituals, and many gods of Hinduism. The goal of Buddhism is
nirvana, or union with the universe and release from the cycle of
reincarnation.
In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya forged the first great Indian
empire. The Maurya dynasty eventually conquered much of India.
The greatest Maurya emperor was Asoka, Chandragupta’s grandson. He converted to Buddhism, and his policies brought peace and
wealth. After his death, rivals battled for power.
About 500 years after the Mauryas, the Gupta dynasty reunited
much of India. Under the Guptas, India enjoyed a golden age of
peace and achievement. Most Indians of that period were village
peasants. The village and the family maintained order, and caste
rules governed every part of life.
Important philosophies and religions in ancient China also
developed. China’s most influential philosopher, Confucius, was
born in 551 B.C. He was concerned with social order and good government. He put filial piety, or respect for parents, above all other
duties. His ideas came to influence every area of Chinese life.
Another Chinese philosopher, Hanfeizi, insisted that strict laws and
harsh punishments were needed to maintain order. Hanfeizi’s teachings came to be known as Legalism. A third philosophy, Daoism,
arose around the same time. Daoists sought to live in harmony with
nature and viewed government as unnatural.
When the Zhou dynasty weakened, a new ruler, Shi Huangdi,
rose to unify all of China. He built a strong government, as well as
the Great Wall. After his death, a new dynasty, the Han, was
founded. Under the Han, the Chinese made huge advances in trade,
government, technology, and the arts. Under the Han, the Silk Road
linked China to the Fertile Crescent.
Review Questions
1. According to Hindus, what is the purpose of reincarnation?
2. Name three philosophies that developed in ancient China.
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15
READING CHECK
What major building project took
place under Shi Huangdi?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word converted
mean in the underlined sentence? The verb convert comes
from the Latin word vertere,
which means “to turn.” The verb
convert is often used to describe
a religious experience. Use
these clues to help you understand the meaning of converted.
READING SKILL
Contrast List some main differences between Hinduism and
Buddhism.
Name
Class
PART
2.2
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
ANCIENT GREECE
As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summarize the
information about ancient Greece.
I. Early People of the Aegean
A. Minoans
1. Traders on the island of Crete
2.
B.
1.
2.
II.
A.
B.
1.
2.
C.
1.
2.
3.
D.
1.
2.
E.
1.
2.
III.
A.
B.
C.
IV.
A.
B.
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16
Name
PART
2.2
Class
Date
Section Summary
ANCIENT GREECE
The Minoans created the earliest civilization in the Aegean region.
They were traders from the island of Crete who adapted Egyptian
and Mesopotamian ideas to their own culture. Minoan civilization
reached its height between about 1600 and 1500 B.C., but had vanished by 1400 B.C. The Mycenaeans, another civilization of sea
traders, soon dominated Crete and the Greek mainland. They are
best remembered for their part in the Trojan War, which was
described by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey.
After Mycenaean civilization declined, the Greeks lived in small,
isolated farming villages. Eventually, they began to build many
small city-states. They often warred among themselves, but they
shared a common culture, including their language, religion, and
festivals. The Greeks evolved a unique version of the city-state,
called the polis. Their cities often had two levels. They built temples
on the acropolis, or high city, above the main city. At first, the ruler of
the polis was a king. This type of government is called a monarchy.
Power slowly shifted to a landholding elite, or aristocracy. Wealthy
merchants, farmers, and artisans came to rule some city-states. The
result was a form of government called an oligarchy, or rule by a
small, powerful elite.
Two of the most important Greek city-states were Sparta and
Athens. Sparta was a warrior society. Athens was a democracy, or
government by the people. When the Persians threatened the Greeks,
the city-states joined together to defend themselves. After the Persian
Wars, Athens thrived. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athenian culture flourished. Athens also developed a direct democracy, in which a
large number of citizens took part in day-to-day government.
Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle developed new
ideas about truth, reason, and government. They used observation
and reason to find causes for events. Greeks also developed new
styles of art, architecture, poetry, and drama.
Greece was eventually controlled by King Philip of Macedonia.
After his death, his son Alexander the Great conquered a vast area
and spread Greek civilization. Greek culture blended with Persian,
Egyptian, and Indian cultures to create the Hellenistic civilization.
READING CHECK
What civilization resulted from
the blending of Greek, Persian,
Egyptian, and Indian cultures
under Alexander the Great?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word thrived in the
underlined sentence. What does
it mean? The sentence that follows the underlined sentence
contains a synonym for the word
thrived. What is that synonym?
READING SKILL
Categorize In which of the following categories does Athenian
government under Pericles
belong? Circle all that are
correct.
Review Questions
city-state
1. For what event are the Mycenaeans best remembered?
warrior society
monarchy
aristocracy
2. How did Greek philosophers find causes for events?
oligarchy
democracy
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Name
Class
PART
2.3
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
ANCIENT ROME AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
As you read this section in the textbook, complete the outline below to summarize
information about ancient Rome and the rise of Christianity.
I. The Roman World Takes Shape
A. Rome began as a small city-state in Italy.
B. Romans overthrew Etruscan king and set up a republic.
1. At first, patricians controlled the government.
2.
C.
II.
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
III.
A.
B.
C.
IV.
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
1.
2.
3.
V.
A.
B.
1.
2.
3.
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Name
PART
2.3
Class
Date
Section Summary
ANCIENT ROME AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Rome began as a small city-state in Italy. In 509 B.C., the Romans
overthrew the Etruscan king who ruled their area. They set up a
republic, a government in which the people choose the officials. At
first, patricians, or members of the upper class, controlled the government. Eventually, commoners, or plebeians, were elected to the
Roman senate. Meanwhile, Rome’s armies expanded Roman control
until it reached from Spain to Egypt.
Rome’s conquests made it very wealthy, but this wealth led to
corruption. Rome faced many civil wars. Eventually, a Roman general named Octavian restored order and took the name Augustus.
He exercised absolute power, and his rule changed Rome from a
republic to an empire. Roman emperors brought peace and order to
the lands they controlled. As a result, the 200 years from Augustus to
Marcus Aurelius are known as the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace.”
The Romans admired Greek culture and borrowed Greek ideas.
Rome spread this blend of cultures, known as Greco-Roman civilization, to distant lands. Romans also excelled as engineers, building
roads, bridges, and aqueducts. Probably the greatest legacy of Rome
was its commitment to law and justice.
Early in the Pax Romana, Christianity began in the Middle East. A
Jew named Jesus was born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem. He called himself the Son of God and taught that his mission was to bring salvation and eternal life. Some people saw Jesus as a troublemaker. He
was executed, but his disciples believed he had risen from the dead.
Jews who believed that Jesus was the messiah, or savior sent by
God, became the first Christians. For a while, Christianity remained
a sect within Judaism. Then Paul spread Christianity to non-Jews.
At first, Rome persecuted Christians, but later accepted Christian
beliefs.
The Roman empire eventually split into two parts, east and west.
In the west, corruption, poverty, and declining moral values contributed to the empire’s decline. Germanic invaders finally conquered
Rome in 476. However, the eastern Roman empire prospered and
became known as the Byzantine empire.
Review Questions
1. In the Roman republic, what group originally controlled the
government?
2. After Jesus was executed, what did his disciples believe happened?
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19
READING CHECK
What was the Pax Romana?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word exercised in the
underlined sentence. The word
exercise often refers to physical
activity or training, but it has a
different meaning here. To help
you understand the meaning of
the word exercised, complete
the sentence below, using a
word other than exercised.
Augustus did not just have
absolute power, he also
_______________ it.
READING SKILL
Recognize Multiple Causes
Name three causes that led to
the decline of the western
Roman empire.
Name
Class
PART
2.4
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS
As you read this section in the textbook, complete the outline below to summarize the
information about the early civilizations in the Americas.
I. Olmecs, the First American Civilization
A.
B.
II. Civilizations of Middle America
A. First settlers were nomadic hunters.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
C.
1.
2.
III.
A.
B.
C.
1.
2.
D.
1.
2.
IV.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
C.
D.
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20
Name
PART
2.4
Class
Date
Section Summary
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS
The first settlers in the Americas were nomads who probably
migrated across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. They
gradually spread throughout the Americas. The first American civilization, the Olmec, began along the Mexican Gulf Coast. It lasted
from about 1500 to 500 B.C.
Later, other civilizations developed in Central and South
America. The Maya, for example, built city-states in Mesoamerica.
They created pyramid temples, a writing system, and an accurate
calendar. Each city-state had its own ruling chief. Several hundred
years after the Maya declined, the Aztecs conquered most of Mexico.
The Aztec empire grew wealthy from tribute, or payment from conquered people. Conquered people were also the source of human
sacrifices for Aztec religious rituals. The Aztecs developed a complex social structure with a single ruler, the emperor, at the top.
In the 1400s, the Inca came down from the Andes mountains of
Peru. Led by Pachacuti, they conquered an empire 2,500 miles wide.
The Inca emperor claimed to be divine and had absolute power. His
officials kept records on quipus, or collections of knotted colored
strings. The Inca united their empire by imposing their language and
religion on the people they conquered. They also created one of the
greatest road systems in history.
Before 1500, many different culture groups lived in North
America. In the desert southwest, the Anasazi built large villages, or
pueblos, of stone and adobe brick. At the center of their village life
was the kiva, a large underground chamber used for religious rituals. In the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, farming cultures
emerged as early as 1000 B.C. The Hopewell people left behind giant
earthen mounds. Objects found in the mounds suggest that trade
networks stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes.
Hopewell culture was replaced by the Mississippians, who built
large towns and ceremonial centers.
Variations in climate and resources encouraged the development
of different cultures in other parts of North America. In the far
north, for example, the Inuits adapted to frozen terrain. In the
Northeast, warring tribes eventually settled their differences and
formed the Iroquois League.
Review Questions
1. How did the first settlers probably get to the Americas?
2. Why were there so many different culture groups in North
America?
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21
READING CHECK
What is tribute?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word networks
mean in the underlined sentence? With what other networks
are you familiar? What do
networks have in common? This
sentence refers to “trade”
networks. Use your prior knowledge of other networks to help
you understand what a trade
network would be like.
READING SKILL
Compare and Contrast Compare
and contrast the governments of
the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca.