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Lower Urinary Tract & Sexual Function Following Pelvic Surgery “The Vulnerable Pelvis” Patricia A. Wallace M.D. Assistant Professor, UCIMC Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery The Incontinence & Support Institute Objectives Definitions: – Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) – Female sexual dysfunction Prevalence of LUTS & sexual dysfunction in general population Pelvic anatomy & vulnerable areas Objectives Effects of pelvic surgery – General gyn surgery – Incontinence & prolapse surgery – Surgery for gyn malignancy – Surgery for colorectal disorders Multidisciplinary & recovery approach to surgery Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Symptom-subjective indicator of a change in condition as perceived by patient, caregiver, or partner and may lead to the person seeking health care Storage symptoms – Urgency, frequency, nocturia, incontinence, abnormal bladder sensation Voiding symptoms – Slow stream, hesitancy, split stream, intermittent stream Post micturition symptoms – Postvoid fullness or dribbling Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Symptoms associated with prolapse – Vaginal bulge or pressure Symptoms associated with intercourse – Dyspareunia, dryness, incontinence Urinary tract & sexual pain symptoms – Pain in bladder, vulva, vagina, etc Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) Frequency >8 voids/24 hrs Urgency- strong desire to void Nocturia > 1-2 /nt Incontinence- (Symptom) Involuntary leakage of urine – Preceded by urgency-Urge – Associated w/increased abdominal pressure-Stress Detrusor Overactivity- (Sign/Dx) involuntary detrusor contraction, spontaneous or provoked – Idiopathic detrusor overactivity replaces detrusor instability – Neurogenic detrusor overactivity replaces detrusor hyperreflexia The Standardization of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function International Continence Society; Neurourology and Urodynamics 2002 Overactive Bladder A collection of symptoms consisting of urgency, frequency, nocturia, with and without incontinence No identifiable pathologic or metabolic condition to explain symptoms Overactive Bladder & Urinary Incontinence Approximately 15-17% of population have symptoms of OAB Incidence increases with age – 38% of women > 65 – 27% of women < 65 Incidence in institutionalized women > 80% Associated with poor quality of life, depression More common than osteoarthritis and diabetes Prevalence of LUTS 2863 postmenopausal women HERS trial Mean age 66.7 yrs Baseline questionnaires Prevalence – Stress incontinence sx- 13% – Urge incontinence sx-14% – Any incontinence sx- 28% Urge incontinent women voided more frequently during day & night Brown et al. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Prevalence of LUTS 4103 community dwelling women screened using validated questionnaires Age 24-84 (mean 56.5) Prevalence – Stress incontinence 15% – OAB 13% – POP 6% – Anal incontinence 25% Co-occurrence of mixed sx 69-80% Lawrence. Obstet Gynecol 2008 Risk Factor for LUTS Pelvic floor disorders – – – – – Age Race Obesity Smoking Childbirth Urge incontinence/OAB – – – – – Increased age Menopausal status Diabetes Urinary tract infection Prior pelvic surgery Stress incontinence – – – – Caucasian race Increased BMI Higher waist to hip ratio Parity/mode of delivery Prolapse – Parity – Mode of delivery 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brown. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Lawrence. Obstet Gynecol 2008 Lucacz. Obstet Gynecol 2006 Dooley Y et al. J Urol 2008 Fenner D et al. J Urol 2008 Santa makes a pit stop! Sexual Function vs Dysfunction Highly variable Life cycle & age Sexual response cycle in women Personal distress caused by symptoms related to sexual response cycle BLENDED INTIMACY-BASED SEXUAL DRIVE-BASED CYCLES Emotional Intimacy Motivates the sexually neutral woman Emotional & Physical Satisfaction “Spontaneous sexual drive hunger” Sexual Stimuli Psychological and biological factors govern “arousability” Arousal & Sexual Desire Sexual Arousal Basson R. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98:350 To find/ be responsive to Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction Affects 25%-43% of women 1 Multidimensional and multicausal combining biological, psychological, and interpersonal factors 1,2 Physically and emotionally distressing Increases with age 1 1.Bancroft j. Arch Sex Behav. 2003; In Press 2. Laumann EO, et al. JAMA. 1999;281:537 Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction Aging and menopause Chronic medical conditions: DM, HTN, Depression, CAD Pelvic surgery* Neurological disorders: MS, epilepsy, paralysis Endocrine disorders: Addisons disease, hypothyroidism Medications: SSRIs, antihypertensives, steroids, statins, other psychotropics Infection: STDs or condyloma Female Sexual Dysfunction Sexual desire disorders – Hypoactive sexual desire disorder – Sexual aversion disorder Sexual arousal disorder Orgasmic disorder Sexual pain disorders – Dyspareunia – Vaginismus – Noncoital sexual pain disorder *International Consensus Development Conference on Female Sexual Dysfunction.Basson R, et al. J Urol. 2000;163:888-93. LUTS & Sexual Dysfunction 25-50% women with pelvic floor disorders Most common – Decreased libido – Dyspareunia – Decreased orgasm Urinary incontinence independently associated with worse sexual function Handa. AJOG 2004 The Vulnerable Pelvis The Vulnerable Pelvis Superior hypogastric plexus Inferior hypogastric plexus Pudendal nerve & sacral nerve roots Childbirth & Pelvic Floor Surgery & The Pelvis Pelvic Nervous Supply & Consequences Site of nerve damage Nerve Failure Bladder disorder Male genital disorder Female genital disorder Anal sphincter disorder Superior hypogastric plexus Symp partially both sides Incontinence Retrograde ejaculation Diminished orgasm None N. Hypogastricus one side S partially one side None Retrograde ejaculation None None N hypogastricus both sides S partially both sides Incontinence Retrograde ejaculation Diminished orgasm None Inferior hypogastric pl. one side S+PS completely one side Voiding disorder Incomplete erection+ Ejaculation Incomplete erection+ lubrication None Inferior hypogastric Pl. both sides S+PS completely both sides Atonia, severe voiding disorder Lack of erection+ ejaculation Lack of erection+ lubrication Incontinence Neurovascular bundle one side S+PS completely one side None Incomplete erection+ ejaculation Incomplete erection+ lubrication None Neurovascular bundle both sides S+PS completely both sides None Lack of erection+ ejaculation Lack of erection+ lubrication None Hysterectomy General Gynecology Hysterectomy- any route – Mild improvement in LUTS 1,2 – Improvement in sexual function 3 Postmenopausal status, severity of gynecologic complaints, & preop frequency predictors of sexual outcomes Abdominal scar/pain short term impact – Supracervical & abdominal hysterectomy-similar outcomes 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 El-Touky. J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Kluviers. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007 Gutl. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2002 Kupperman et al. Obstet Gynecol 2005 Oophorectomy Premenopausal woman – Worse body image – Poor sleep – Decreased overall quality of life SF-36 – No difference in sexual scores, urinary complaints – At 2 years-Equivalent! – Improvement in gynecologic condition & postoperative well-being 1. Teplin. Obstet Gynecol 2007 2. Aziz. Maturitas 2005 Incontinence Surgery Incontinence Surgery & LUTS Burch – Postoperative retention >30 days rare Usual catheter 7-10 days – OAB 7-27% postop – Enterocele & rectocele 7-26% Slings – Pubovaginal slings Postop voiding disorders 12.8% (3-37%) OAB/UI 7% (3-30%) – Retropubic Voiding dysfunction/retention 1-3% OAB/UI 2-50% (includes de novo & preexisting) Erosion 3%-7% – Transobturator Groin pain & abscess <1-3% Incontinence Surgery & Sexual Function Limited research Short term1 – Improvement in sexual function scores – Correlates with improvement in incontinence – No change in frequency, desire, arousal, orgasm & satisfaction Retropubic vs transobturator sling – Improvement in sexual life2 – ?increased risk of sexual pain 3-14%3 1. Rogers. AJOG 2006 2. Pace. J Sex Med 2008 3. Latthe. BJOG 2007 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Prolapse Surgery Postoperative voiding dysfunction variable 10-30% risk of recurrence of prolapse Sexual dysfunction – Rectocele repair (5-37% dyspareunia) – Abdominal apical repair1 More women sexually active Decreased sx interfere w/sex & avoidance of sex Less pain – Vaginal apical repair vs abdominal repair2 Dyspareunia at 1 yr 34% vs 7%, 3 yrs 32% vs 11% 1. Handa. AJOG 2007 2. Arya. SGS 2008 Prolapse Surgery with Mesh Anterior Mesh Kit Posterior Mesh Kit Prolapse Repair with Mesh 8 papers/presentations at AUGS Oct 2007 10 papers/ presentations at SGS April 2008 Erosion rates 2-13% Reoperation rates for erosion, fistula, or pain 20% Dyspareunia 38-41% SGS Guidelines for Use of Graft In Prolapse Surgery Systematic review Medline 1950-2007 Publications on comparative studies using vaginal grafts Adverse events of non-comparative studies How to GRADE the evidence… Quality of Evidence – High-more research unlikely to change confidence in effect – Moderate-more research likely to change confidence in effect & may change estimate of effect – Low-very likely to change confidence in effect & likely change estimate of effect – Very Low- any estimate of effect is uncertain Recommendations – Strong- high quality evidence &/or other considerations support strong recommendation – Moderate-high or moderate evidence &/or other considerations support moderate recommendations – Weak-low or very low evidence support weak recommendation, based mostly on expert opinion Types of Grafts Class Materials Proposed Benefits Known Risks/Negs Biologic Autologous “Natural” Softer Augment repair Erosion-rare Dyspareunia No decreased risk of recurrence “Permanent” Decrease recurrent POP Erosion Dyspareunia Pain (Fascia lata, rectus fascia) Allograft (Cadaveric dermis, dura) Xenograft (Porcine dermis, porcine small intestine submucosa, fetal bovine dermis) *Cross-linked & non-cross-linked Synthetic Absorbable (polyglycolic acid, polyglactin, hybrid:polyglactin/polypropylene) Nonabsorbable (polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon) *Different based on pore size & mono or multifilament SGS Recommendations Anterior Compartment – Biologic & Absorbable synthetic- Native tissue repairs are appropriate when compared to biologic graft (weak) – Synthetic- Non-absorbable mesh may improve anatomic outcomes, but trade-offs with risk of adverse events (weak) Apical/Multiple Compartments – No comparative studies to guide any recommendation on the use of biologic, absorbable, & non-absorbable synthetic graft in multiple compartment repair when compared to native tissue repair (weak) Posterior Compartment – Biologic & Absorbable synthetic- Native tissue repairs are appropriate when compared to biologic graft (weak) – Synthetic- No comparative studies to guide use of nonabsorbable mesh when compared to native tissue repair (weak) SGS Proposed Clinical Guidelines on Vagina Graft Use 2008 Surgery for Gynecologic Malignancy: Radical Hysterectomy Surgery for Gynecologic Malignancy Recognized risk of injury to genitourinary tract Radical nature of surgery Pelvic radiation & chemotherapy Limited literature – Mostly retrospective – Primarily cervical malignancy – Evaluated postoperative or therapy Effects of Radical Hysterectomy Hypertonicity-early Voiding & transient dysfunction – Abdominal straining – Decreased compliance Stress incontinence Detrusor overactivity Gynecologic Malignancy & LUTS Farquharson et al 1986 – 15% baseline report urinary incontinence – Stress incontinence more common in surgery alone group-26% (10-52%) – Urgency, mixed incontinence >RT group – 63% incidence of incontinence following radical hysterectomy + radiation – No difference in bladder sensation – RH + RT less bladder compliance Gynecologic Malignancy & LUTS Lin et al 2000 210 women w/cervical CA plan RH Preoperative urodynamics Mean age 49 42% menopausal w/o HRT 17% had NORMAL preop urodynamics 83% at least one type of LUTD 73% storage dysfcn 51% urinary incontinence (37% stress, DO 8%, mixed 6%) No difference in age, parity, or stage Urodynamic Studies after Radical Hysterectomy Author yr # pts Class Tests F/up Findings Carenza 1982 15 3 Urodyn, denervation test Single test, 7-12 mths postop Pos den test 40%, Dec capacity 30% Kristensen 1984 10 - Urodyn, denervation tests Single test, 17-32 mths postop Abd straining 40%, USI 30%, dec sens 30% Scotti 1986 12 2/3 Urodyn, UPP IVP Longitudinal, preop to 6 mths USI 50%, dec sens 17%, dec compliance 36% Farquharson 1987 30 - Urodyn, questionnaire, UPP Single test, > 5 yrs Abd straining 47%, USI 26%, dec sens 36% Bandy 1987 51 3 Urodyn, IVP Single test, up to 1 yr Abd straining 25%, USI 39%, inc PVR 16% Ralph 1988 40 3 Urodyn, IVP Single test, 12 mths Abb straining 85%, USI 55%, dec sens 63% Lin 1998 42 - Urodyn , UPP Single test Abd straining 100%, USI 81%, inc PVR 41% Chen 2002 32 - Urodyn, VCUG Longitudinal, Preop to 1 yr Abd straining 56%, USI 19% DO 16% Zullo 2003 38 4 Urodyn Single test, 12-26 mths Dec compliance/DO 47% Gynecologic Malignancy & Sexual Function Retrospective & limited to postoperative evaluation Interruption in sexual activity common leading up to diagnosis Surgery impacts frequency of intercourse & dyspareunia Radiation more effect locally Most common effects: – Loss of desire, sensation, & increased pain Different cancers pose different problems Gynecologic Malignancy & Sexual Function 148 women w/gyn malignancies S/p surgery, RT +/chemo Validated questionnaires Sexually active – 19/41(46%)endometrial – 19/35(51%) cervical – 20/30(66%) ovarian 74% lack of desire 40% dyspareunia Thranov. Gyn Onc 1993 51 cervical ca survivors Validated questionnaires No difference – Interest – Sexual pleasure Survivors – Increased pain, dryness – More likely to use HRT – Trend towards dec arousal & orgasm Wenzel. Gyn Onc 2005 Colorectal Pelvic Surgery Colorectal Surgery Sigmoid & rectal cancer patients most vulnerable Similar risk to adjacent organs & nerves Most studies retrospective or descriptive, done postoperatively Men studied more than women Combined LUTS & sexual function Improvement in outcomes with evolution of nerve sparing techniques Colorectal Surgery & Postop Function Author/ Yr Havenga 1996 # pts Methods Women % Voiding dysfcn % No erection % 138 Total mesorectal excision w/ autonomic nerve preservation 39 % 32% 17% Maas 1998 47 Total mesorectal excision w/ autonomic nerve preservation 30% 28% 11% Maurer 1999 60 Total mesorectal excision w/ autonomic nerve preservation Postop questionnaires 36% 24% 24% Sterk 2005 52 Total mesorectal excision w/ autonomic nerve preservation Preop & postop PVR, uroflometry 2 wks & 3mths 30% 24% 27% Jayne 2005 247 Laparascopic colorectal resection vs open resection Postop validated questionnaires 12-76 mths postop 34% 30% L-46% O-23% Prevalence of Male & Female Sexual Dysfunction is High Following Surgery for Rectal Cancer 223 pts s/p curative colorectal cancer surgery – 81 women, 99 men Validated questionnaires – FSFI – IIEF – EORTC QLQ-C30 & QLQ-CR38 25/81 (31%) sexually active – 20 yrs younger than non-active grp – 20 yrs younger at time of surgery 19/81 (23%) reported surgery made sex life worse – – – – 73% Desire problems (28% A vs 54% NA) 68% Arousal problems (20% A vs 37% NA) 75% Orgasm problems (24% A vs 44% NA) 100% Dyspareunia (36% A vs 56%NA) Hendren et al Ann Surg 2005 Goals of Surgery Remove pathology Restore anatomy Improve function Extend survival ….DO NO HARM! What we know… Lower urinary tract symptoms are common Sexual function is complex – Sexual dysfunction is difficult to measure – Common in our patients – Coincides with LUTS often Pelvic surgery impacts the genitourinary tract, often adversely Radical pelvic surgery & radiation have unique risks Moving Forward…. Establish prevalence of these symptoms in specific populations Evaluate patients for LUTS & sexual dysfunction before pelvic surgery Give better informed consent & counseling of postoperative expectations/functional changes Offer treatment or concomitant surgery, when appropriate Evaluation for Sexual Pain Following Surgery Careful History – Attention to any grafts, complications, pre-existing pain issues (Fibromyalgia, IBS, Endometriosis, IC, Vulvodynia) Careful exam – Abdominal trigger points, psoas, iliacus – Musculoskeletal restrictions – Pelvic exam Vaginal length, caliber, scarring, ridges, palpable grafts/sutures Atrophy Levator tenderness Tests Cystoscopy Colonoscopy Urinalysis, urine & vaginal cultures +/- uroflow or urodynamics Treatment Aimed at physical & emotional findings Establish short & long term goals Multidisciplinary – Physician, PT, Psych, Pain Management, Sexual Therapy Physician Treatment – Surgical revision, removal of mesh, etc – Dilators – Trigger point/pudendal injections Kenalog 10mg/ml, 0.25% marcaine, sodium bicarbonate – RX: compounded medications for vagina/vulva Baclofen, ketamine/lidocaine/gabapentin, amitriptyline/baclofen/gabapentin, cyclobenzaprine, estradiol, testosterone, etc. – Botox injections 20-40 units levators – InterStim Current Research Prevalence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Women with Gynecologic Malignancy planning to Undergo Surgery Lower Urinary Tract and Sexual Function in Women following Surgery for Colorectal Disorders Trigger Point Injections with Manual Physical Therapy for Treatment of Pelvic Muscle Tension Myalgia Questions?
