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Exercise 36 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Objectives • Respiratory system structures • Respiratory system, pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration • Bronchi vs. bronchioles—structure and function Respiratory system structures • Nasal cavity – External nares (nostrils) – Conchae (lobelike structures— increase air turbulence) • Superior, middle, inferior Fig. 23-3 • Nasal cavity – Meatuses: passageways between conchae • Superior, middle, inferior Fig. 23-3 • Nasal cavity – Internal nares Fig. 23-3 Palate • Separates nasal and oral cavities – Hard palate • anterior – Soft palate • posterior – Uvula Fig. 23-3 TONSILS – Pharyngeal • Paired masses of lymphoid tissue (protect respiratory passages from pathogens) – Palatine • Laterally located near soft palate – Lingual • Covers base of tongue Fig. 23-3 Paranasal Sinuses • Resonance chambers in speech, mucosae warm/moisten incoming air – Sphenoidal – Frontal PHARYNX • “throat”—connects nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus below – Nasopharynx • Posterior to nasal cavity, above soft palate • Pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall • Eustachian tubes drain into it laterally Fig. 23-3 PHARYNX – Oropharynx • Posterior to oral cavity • Soft palate to epiglottis • Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil – Laryngopharynx • Epiglottis to larynx Fig. 23-3 LARYNX (“voicebox”) – Epiglottis—flaplike, flexible elastic cartilage; lid over the larynx when swallow – Hyoid bone Fig. 23-3 LARYNX (“voicebox”) Fig. 23-4 LARYNX (“voicebox”) – False vocal cords (vestibular folds)— superior – True vocal cords (vocal folds)— inferior, vibrate expelled air (speech) Fig. 23-4 LARYNX (“voicebox”) Glottis—slit-like passage between the folds Fig. 23-5 LARYNX (“voicebox”) – Arytenoid cartilages • Ladle-shaped; attach vocal cords posteriolaterally – Corniculate cartilages • Horn-shaped; articulate w/arytenoid cartilages Fig. 23-4 LARYNX (“voicebox”) – Thyroid cartilage—large, shield-shaped. Anterior = “adam’s apple” – Cricoid cartilage—inferior to thyroid cartilage; ring-shaped Fig. 23-4 TRACHEA (“windpipe”) Fig. 23-6 (pseudostratified columnar epithelium, secretes mucous via goblet cells…cilia propel foreign objects in the mucous toward the throat) TRACHEA (“windpipe”) – Tracheal cartilages/bands (c-shaped cartilage rings--reinforcement) – Down to sternal angle (T4-T5), then splits: • • • • Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles “Respiratory Tree” Fig. 23-6 • Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then • Secondary bronchi • Tertiary bronchi • Bronchioles Fig. 23-10 BRONCHIOLES then divide into: Terminal bronchioles which divide into Respiratory bronchioles (terminal branches) which divide into several Alveolar ducts, which terminate into Alveolar sacs—look like grape clusters Alveoli—balloon-like expansions of sacs, simple squamous epithelium, combined with capillaries surrounding them, make the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE---GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS HERE BRONCHIOLES then divide into: Fig. 23-10 Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles (terminal branches) Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli ALVEOLI: Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs (common to many alveoli) Alveoli (~150 million per lung) Fig. 23-10 LUNGS • Pulmonary artery (blood away from heart to lung) • Pulmonary vein (from lung to heart) • Lungs – Right has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) – Left has 2 lobes (superior, inferior) RIGHT: 3 lobes LEFT: 2 lobes Fig. 23-7 PLEURAE (serous membrane, double-layered) – Parietal layer = outer layer • Attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm • (Diaphragm = muscle) – Visceral layer = inner layer • Covers lung tissue Additional terms: • Respiratory System – Using respiration, it supplies the body with oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide • Pulmonary ventilation – Movement of air into/out of lungs (breathing) so gas exchange can occur at alveoli Additional terms: • External respiration – Gas exchange between blood and air-filled chambers of lungs – Oxygen loading, CO2 unloading • Internal respiration – Gas exchange between systemic blood and tissue cells – Oxygen unloading, CO2 loading Microscope Work • Lung tissue • Trachea