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SCIENCE
acceleration-change in velocity divided by time interval over which it occurred
acid-compound with a pH below 7, tastes sour, turns blue litmus paper red
acid rain – general term used for precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail, or fog)
adaptation-process that enables organisms to become better suited to their environment
aerobic-any process that requires oxygen
allele-one of a number of different forms of the same gene for a specific trait
animal- a multi-cellular, organism with specialized tissues, heterotrophic
air pressure – air being pulled to the Earth by gravity, amount of air per area
atom-smallest part of any element that retains all the properties of that element; smallest particle of a given type of matter
base-compound with pH above 7, tastes bitter, turns red litmus paper blue
biological magnification-phenomenon in which the concentration of certain compounds in each organism in the food
chain increases
biome – division used to classify areas with similar climates, plants, and animals
Binomial nomenclature – a system for classifying organisms
calorie-unit used to measure heat
carbohydrates-organic compound containing carbon with hydrogen, oxygen in a 2:1 ration; human body's main
source of energy
carnivore-consumer that eats animal tissue
cell-basic unit and function of living things; smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent
functioning, consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles, all surrounded by a semi-permeable
cell membrane
chemical bonding-combining of atoms of elements to form new substance
chemical equation-expression in which symbols, formulas, and numbers represent a chemical reaction
chromosomes-direct activities of the cell, pass traits; threadlike linear strands of DNA and associated proteins in
nucleus of eukaryotic cells; carries genes, functions in the transmission of hereditary information
chronic-lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as certain diseases
coefficient-number placed in front of the parts of a chemical equation to indicate how many are involved; always a
positive whole number
coefficient of friction-ratio of frictional force and the normal force between two surfaces
cold blooded-body temperature changes somewhat
comet – object made of ice, gas, and dust that travels through space.
compare-examine similarities and difference
compound-chemical combination of 2 or more different elements joined together in fixed proportions; consisting of
two or more substances, ingredients, elements, or parts
compression-pushing force
Condensation – process by which water vapor changes back into liquid
conduction-heat transfer when in contact
consumer-depends on other organisms for food
convection-heat transfer through a flowing fluid
covalent bond-attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons
cycle-recurring, interval of time
data-values derived from scientific experiments
decomposer-breaks down dead organisms
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetics information from one generation to next
by coding for production of a cell's proteins
dichotomous key-system used to identify organism
displacement-change in position; a vector quality
distance-the separation between two points
dominant-form of a gene that is expressed even if present with a contrasting recessive allele
dynamics-study of motion of particles acted on by forces
Earth-planet we live on
ecology-organisms and their environment
ecosystem – a unit consisting of all living and nonliving things in a given area that interact with another
electric current-amount of charge that passes a given point per unit of time
electron-negatively charged particle; negatively charged subatomic particle found in an area outside the nucleus
electrophoresis-process used to separate DNA fragments for sequencing
Electromagnetic radiation – energy in the forms of waves also known as light, from longest to shortest: radio, infrared, visible,
uv, x-ray, gamma rays.
element-a substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus; cannot be reduced
to simpler substances by normal chemical means
energy-ability to do work; the capacity for work or vigorous activity, vigor, power
energy-non-material property capable of causing changes in matter
epicenter – the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
equilibrant force-force needed to bring an object into translational equilibrium
equilibrium-translational condition in which net force on object is zero
erosion – the process by which the products of weathering are moved from one place to another
eukaryote-organism made up of cells that have a nucleus
evaporation – process by which energy from the sun causes water on the surface of the earth to change to water vapor, the ga
phase of water
evidence-a thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment
evolution-change in species over time; process by which relative frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
change or shift
extinct – no longer living in existence;
fermentation-process that enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen
fitness-any combination of physical traits and behaviors that help an organism survive and reproduce
focal point-location at which light rays reflected from a mirror meet
food web-all the feeding patterns in an ecosystem
force-agent that results in accelerating or deforming an object; push or pull that gives energy to an object, sometimes
causing a change in motion of the object
formula-combination of chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms
of each element
fossil-remains or evidence of a living thing
frame of reference-coordinate system used to define motion
frequency-number of waves that pass certain point in a given amount of time
friction-force opposing relative motion of two objects that are in contact
function-physiological activity of an organ or body part
galaxy – huge collection of stars
gametes-specialized reproductive cell involved in sexual reproduction
gene-segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Germination – process in which a seed sprouts to form a plant
glucose-monosaccharide sugar occurring widely in most plant and animal tissue; the principal circulating sugar in
the blood; major energy source of the body
gravitational force-attraction between two objects due to their mass
gravity-force of attraction between all objects in the universe
green house effect – process in which carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation from the su
forming a “heat blanket” around earth.
group-the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table
habitat – the place in which an organism lives and obtains the resources it needs to survive
heat-form of energy caused by the internal motion of molecules of matter
herbivore-consumer that eats plant tissue
heredity-passing of traits from parent to offspring
homeostasis-process in which organisms keep internal conditions constant despite changes in their external
environments
hydrate-compound in which there is a specific ratio of water to ionic compound
hypothesis-tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further
investigation
Igneous – formed from molten rock
impulse-product of force and time interval over which it acts
impulse-momentum theorem-impulse given to an object is equal to its change in momentum
inertia-resistance to motion; tendency of an object not to change its motion
intensity-the amount or degree of strength of electricity, light, heat, or sound per unit area or volume
ion-atom or group of combined atoms that has a charge because of the loss or gain of electrons
ionic bond-the strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge
isotope-any of two or more atoms of an element that are chemically alike but have different masses
kilogram-SI unit of mass
kinematics-study of the motion of objects without regard to the causes of this motion
kinetic energy-energy of object due to its motion
length-measured parameter
lens-transparent material that refracts light
lever-rigid bar free to move about a single point
magnetism-force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material
mammal-warmblooded vertebrate with hair, fur, gives birth to live young
mantle-the layer of the earth between the crust and the core
mass-the measure of the amount of matter an object contains
meiosis-process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells
membrane-thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs
of an animal or plant
metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in the body; chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism
necessary for maintenance of life; some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes, while other
substances necessary for life are synthesized
metamorphic – changed in form as a result of chemical reaction, heat, and/or pressure
metamorphosis-undergoes dramatic change in body form in its life cycle
meter-SI unit of length
mineral – naturally occurring chemical substance found in soil or rocks.
mitosis-process by which cell nucleus divides into 2 nuclei, each with same number and kinds of chromosomes
as parent cell
molecule-an uncharged group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
momentum-product of object's mass and velocity
motion-change in position in a certain amount of time
natural selection-process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring
nebula – massive cloud of dust and gas between the stars
net force-vector sum of forces on object
neutron-subatomic particle with a mass equal to a proton but with no electrical charge; found in the nucleus of an atom
newton-SI unit of force
niche – an organism’s role in an ecosystem, which includes everything the organisms, does and everything the organism needs
in its environment.
nucleus-large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell; contains cell's hereditary
material and controls its metabolism, growth, and reproduction
nucleus-small, dense, positively charged center of an atom
Nutrients – elements required by plants to grow; includes nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
octet rule-the model of chemical stability that states that atoms become stable by having eight electrons in their outer
energy level with an exception for smaller atoms which have only two electrons
offspring-organism that results from the process of reproduction
Omnivore – animal that eats both plants and animals
organic-of or designating carbon compounds
organic compound-compound that contains carbon
organism-individual life form, such as plant, animal, bacterium, protist, fungus; body made up of organs, organelles,
or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life
Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
oxidation-reaction in which an element loses electrons
Ozone – gas in the earth’s atmosphere formed when three atoms of oxygen combine
period-horizontal row of the periodic table of elements
period-time needed to repeat one complete cycle of motion
Permeable membrane – a membrane through which liquids may pass, such as the plasma membrane on root hairs.
Photoperiod – the part of the day where plants receive light. Can be manipulated.
photosynthesis-process in green plants and certain other organisms which synthesizes carbohydrates from carbon
dioxide and water using light as an energy source; releases oxygen as byproduct; process in which autotrophs make
their own food using light, carbon dioxide, and water
pitch-property of sound that depends on frequency
Plankton – microscopic animals and plants in the ocean
plant-member of the vegetable group of living organisms
polyatomic ion-an ion that consists of two or more different elements
population-all the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat
power-rate of doing work; rate of energy conversion
Precipitate – a solid formed from a solution, found as stalagtites and stalamites in caves
Precipitation – process by which water returns to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail
predict-tell/guess in advance
pressure-force applied uniformly over a surface, measured as force per unit of area
producer-green plant able to make its own food
Prokaryote – cell type in which there is no nucleus
product-new substance formed when reactants undergo chemical change
proton-subatomic particle that has positive charge; found in the nucleus of an atom
radiation-heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation
reactant-a substance that undergoes a reaction
reaction-a change or transformation in which a substance decomposes, combines with other substances, or
interchanges constituents with other substances
reduction-reaction in which an element gains one or more electrons
reflection-bouncing back of waves upon reaching another surface
Refraction – bending of light through the surface boundaries of two substances.
respiration-oxidative process occurring within living cells which releases the chemical energy of organic molecules in
series of metabolic steps; involves consumption of oxygen and liberation of carbon dioxide and water; breathing
rock-collection of minerals
scientific method-process of study involving a question, hypothesis, experiment, and result
seismograph – an instrument that detects and measures seismic waves
solution-mixture in which one substance is dissolved or broken down in another substance
species-fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of
related organisms capable of interbreeding
star-heavenly body that produces heat and light
structure-arrangement or formation of the tissues, organs, or other parts of an organism
supernova – tremendous explosion in which a star breaks apart, releasing energy and newly formed elements.
Taxonomy – science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
temperature-measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material
tension-pulling force
time-measured parameter
topography – shape of the earth’s surface
Transpiration – the evaporation of water vapor from the stoma on the leaves
universe-everything that exists
valence electron-electron in the outermost energy level of an atom
velocity-ratio of change in position to time interval over which change takes place
vertebrate-animal that has a backbone or vertebral column
virus-non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells
volume-amount of space an object takes up
warm blooded-body temperature stays constant
water cycle – continuous movement of water from the oceans and freshwater sources to the air and land and finally back to the
oceans; also called the hydrologic cycle.
wave-traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another
weight-product of mass and gravity
width-measured parameter
work-force acting over a distance to move an object
x-axis-horizontal axis on a graph
y-axis-vertical axis on a graph
zygote-fertilized egg cell