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11/29/2014 Section 1 Chapter 15 Years of Crisis Sigmund ______—Austrian doctor with new ideas about the ________. Claims that human behavior is not based on _________. Albert _______-offered radically new ideas in field of __________. Theory of ________— idea that space and time are not constant. New ideas make world seem more uncertain than before ________’s Roles Change Women take on new roles during ________. This work helps many win the right to ______. In 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles. Some women seek new careers. The ____________ Alters Society Cars _______ after the war. Cars become less ________. Increased auto use changes people’s lives. Airplanes Transform Travel Charles _________ is first to fly alone across Atlantic. 1 11/29/2014 Entertainment – Movies, Radio ______—musical style that captures age’s new freedom. Section 2 Terms ___________ government A ___________ controlled by temporary alliance of several political parties ___________ Republic The republic that was established in __________ in 1919 and ended in 1933 Great ___________ The severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S. ______ ________ in 1929 Postwar Europe • __________ New ____________ • Many citizens in new democracies had no experience with _____________ government • Too many _________ parties - In some countries it was almost impossible for one party to win enough support to govern effectively Section 2 A Worldwide Depression Main Idea An economic depression in the United States spread throughout the world and lasted for a decade. Why It Matters Now Many social and economic programs introduced to combat the Great Depression are still operating. Section 2 Terms Franklin D. __________ First president elected after ___________ began; began program of government reform; leadership preserved country’s faith in its democratic political system _____ _______ U.S. President Franklin ____________’s economic reform program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression Postwar Europe Unstable New Democracies ________ endured 40 changes of government from _____ to _____ Problems moving toward longterm goals _______ times – country could get by with ________ leadership In times of ____, weak leadership = major problem Voters willing to sacrifice democracy for strong, totalitarian leadership 2 11/29/2014 The Weimar Republic Problems with ________ _________ _________’s new democratic government (named after city where national assembly met) Millions ______ Weimar for country’s ______ and postwar humiliation The Weimar Republic _________ Causes Crisis in _________ Germany ______ ______ to pay expenses of war – monetized the debt Printed even more money to pay reparations Value of the ________ (German currency) fell dramatically Caused citizens to question value of new democratic government The Weimar Republic Attempts at ________ ________ _______ plan provided for a $200 million loan from ________ banks to stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy Set more realistic schedule for Germany’s reparations payments Efforts at a Lasting ________ Reps. from France and Germany met to improve relations; signed treaty – never make war against each other, respect existing borders Financial Collapse A Flawed U.S. Economy 3 weaknesses: ________ ________ of wealth ______________ by business and agriculture Lessening _________ for consumer goods 3 11/29/2014 Financial Collapse The ____ ______ Crashes Optimism about booming U.S. economy showed in soaring prices for stocks ________-income people began buying stocks on ________ – paid small percentage of stock’s price as down payment, borrowed rest from stockbroker The Great Depression Followed ______ _______ _______ By 1932, factory _________ had been cut in ______ Thousands of businesses failed and banks closed Sept. 1929 – _________ started selling stocks believing rates would go down Oct. 24, 1929 – all-out downward slide Oct. 29, 1929 - _____ – everyone wanted to sell, no one wanted to buy; billions of dollars in “paper wealth” vanished Around 9 million people _____ the _____ in their savings accounts when banks had no money to pay them _________ lost _______ By 1933, ¼ of all American workers had no jobs The Great Depression A Global Depression American _______ demanded __________ of their overseas loans and American investors withdrew their money from _________ American ________ for Europe goods __________; Congress placed high tariffs on imported goods – force Americans to buy American 4 11/29/2014 The Great Depression Effects Throughout the _______ World _____ ___________ by 65% ______________ rates ________ Germany and Austria hit hard because of war debts and dependence on American loans and investments Asia and Latin America suffered because value of exports fell; demand for products dropped causing prices to collapse The World Confronts the Crisis ________ Responds to Economic _______ France somewhat cushioned - more ________________ economy; heavily agricultural and less dependent on foreign trade 1933 – 5 coalition governments formed and fell The World Confronts the Crisis __________ in the United States Franklin __________ elected _________ in 1932 – began the New Deal Large public works projects helped to provide jobs The World Confronts the Crisis ________ Takes Steps to Improve its Economy Policies designed to rescue the nation from economic calamity Passed ________ protective _____, increased taxes, and regulated currency Lowered interest rates to encourage industrial growth The World Confronts the Crisis _________ Governments Find Solutions _________, Sweden, and Norway – Cooperative Community Action, Public Work Projects Recovery in the US New _____________ ________ gave financial help to businesses and farms Large amounts of _____ money spent on welfare and relief programs Regulations imposed to reform stock market and banking system 5 11/29/2014 Section 3 Fascism Rises in Europe The Great Depression United Streaming Video Section 3 Terms and Names ___________ A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule Benito __________ Main Idea In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turned to totalitarian dictators. Why It Matters Now These dictators changed the course of history, and the world is still recovering from their abuse of power. Section 3 Terms and Names Adolf ________ Became leader of the Nazi party; became chancellor of Germany; dictator during World War II Newspaper editor/politician; founded the fascist party; became leader of Italy – vowed to give strong leadership Section 3 Terms and Names _________ The fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers’ party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority and state control of industry Section 3 Terms and Names _____________ “My Struggle” – a book written by Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany 6 11/29/2014 Section 3 Terms and Names ____________ “living space” – the additional territory that, according to Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded Fascism’s Rise in Italy Fascism – _______ political movement that emphasized ________ to the state and _________ to its leader Fascism vs. Communism ______ ruled by ________ who only allowed their political party (one-party rule) Both ________ individual ________ Neither practiced any kind of democracy Fascists did not seek classless society; Communists do Fascism’s Rise in Italy Mussolini Takes Control ________ Mussolini = politician who __________ to rescue Italy by reviving ___________ and rebuilding armed forces Founded Fascist Party in 1919 Fascism’s Rise in Italy Mussolini Takes ______ Rising _______, social unrest and disappointment _____ of ________ Italians wanted leader who would take ________; democratic government seemed helpless 7 11/29/2014 Fascism’s Rise in Italy Mussolini Takes Control ______ marched on _____ demanding that the _____ put Mussolini in charge of the government King determined Mussolini = _____ ______ for his dynasty to survive Mussolini took power “legally” Hitler Rises to Power in Germany The ______ of the ______ Hitler joined the _________ _______ _______ ________ ________ (Nazi) in 1919 Fascism’s Rise in Italy Il Duce’s Leadership __ _____ = the leader; Mussolini’s nickname Abolished __________; outlawed all political parties except the Fascists ______ ________ jailed opponents; government censors forced radio stations and publications to broadcast only Fascist doctrines; outlawed strikes Never had the total control achieved by Hitler or Stalin Hitler Rises to Power in Germany _____ = German brand of _________; adopted _________ as its symbol Set up private militia – storm troopers or Brown Shirts Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei Group shared belief that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism Hitler Rises to Power in Germany The Rise of the Nazis _____ chosen as ________ or leader of the Nazi Party Plotted to seize power in Munich in _______ Attempt ______, Hitler arrested _____ _____– written by Hitler while in prison; set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany Non-Aryan “races,” Jews, Slavs, Gypsies = inferior Hitler Rises to Power in Germany The Rise of the Nazis Called _________ treaty an __________, vowed to regain German lands Declared Germany was ___________, needed more ___________ – living space Most Germans ignored Hitler until the Great Depression ended the nation’s postwar recovery; Germans turned to Hitler for security and firm leadership 8 11/29/2014 Hitler Becomes Chancellor Conservative leaders advised President Paul von Hindenburg to _____ _______ _________ (they believed they could control him) Hitler called for new elections hoping to win majority in parliament Before the election, fire destroyed Reichstag building; Nazis blamed Communists Nazis won majority by stirring up fear of communists Hitler Becomes Chancellor The ________ is __________ Wanted control over every aspect of German life Turned the press, radio, literature, painting, and film into ___________ Hitler Becomes Chancellor Hitler Makes _____ on the _______ Anti-_________ = key part of Nazi ideology Nazis used Jews as scapegoats for all Germany’s troubles since the war Hitler Becomes Chancellor Hitler used new ______ to turn Germany into a _____________ state Banned other political parties and had opponents arrested Created the _____ (______________ or protection squad) Took command of the economy Banned strikes, dissolved independent labor unions, gave government authority over business and labor Hitler Becomes Chancellor ________ that did not conform to Nazi beliefs were _________ Schoolchildren had to join ______ ______ or the League of German Girls Believed continuous struggle brought victory to the strong Hitler Becomes Chancellor ______ – Nazis passed laws depriving Jews of most of their rights November 9, 1938 – ___________ (Night of the Broken Glass) – Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes and on streets; destroyed thousands of Jewish owned buildings 9 11/29/2014 Other Countries Fall to Dictators ________, ________, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania fell to _________ Only European nations with strong democratic traditions – Britain, France, the Scandinavian countries – did democracy survive Many European countries saw _________ as only way to _________ __________ Section 4 Terms and Names _____________ The making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war ________ Powers In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936 __________ ________ Led Fascists in a civil war in Spain; with the help of Hitler and Mussolini, he became Spain’s fascist dictator Section 4 Terms and Names _________ Conference A 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to ____ Nazi ________ to _______ part of Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler’s pledge to respect Czechoslovakia’s new borders Section 4 Aggressors Invade Nations Main Idea As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered other countries, the rest of the world did nothing to stop them. Why It Matters Now Many nations today take a more active and collective role in world affairs, as in the United Nations. Section 4 Terms and Names ____________ A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries _______ _______ The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s ________ Seeks an Empire _____ – ______ an international ________ agreeing to respect ________’s borders 1928 – signed the KelloggBriand Pact renouncing war Constitution put strict limits on the powers of the prime minister and the cabinet Military leaders reported only to the emperor 10 11/29/2014 Japan Seeks an Empire __________ Take Control of Japan Japanese ________ government for Great ___________ Military leaders gained support and won control of country Wanted to restore traditional control of government to the military Japan Seeks an Empire Japan ________ ___________ Area rich in _____ and _______ ______ – Japanese army seized Manchuria (even though parliament objected) Mukden incident Army set up puppet government Japan Seeks an Empire Japan ________ ________ Japan invaded northern China – no match for better equipped and trained Japanese _______, _______ and others fell to Japanese Marco Polo Bridge Made emperor the symbol of state power _______ ________; wanted to solve economic problems through foreign expansion Provide _____ with _____ __________ and markets for its goods Give room for rising population First direct ________ to the ______ of _______; League members protested; Japan ignored and withdrew from the League in 1933 European Aggressors on the March _________ Attacks _________ One of Africa’s three independent nations Mussolini ordered massive invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935 11 11/29/2014 Emperor Haile _______, appealed to League of ______ for help League condemned attack but ___ ______ to help British continued to let Italian troops and supplies pass through Suez Canal March 7, ______ – German troops ______ into the _________ (buffer between Germany and France, and important industrial area) European Aggressors Hitler ______ _________ Treaty March, 1935 – Hitler announced that ________ would no longer ________ _________ placed on army by Versailles treaty League’s failure to stop Germany from rearming convinced Hitler to take greater risks European Aggressors on the March Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty _______ urged _______________ Hitler admitted later that he would have backed down if British and French had challenged him _______ and _____ formed the RomeBerlin Axis _____ joined a month later forming the ______ Powers German ___________ of ________ = turning point in march toward war Strengthened Hitler’s _____ and _______ within Germany The balance of power changed in Germany’s favor Weak response by France and Britain encouraged Hitler European Aggressors on the March ____ - Civil War - Germany & Italy help _______ Francisco ________ Spain does not officially fight in WWII, but will supply the Axis Powers 12 11/29/2014 United States ___________ – avoid political ties 1935 – US Congress _________ Acts _____ & _____ – will trade with anyone that had money & come get it. 13