Download Lesson 29 Maintaining a Healthful Weight

9
2
What You’ll Learn
1. Discuss ways to determine
desirable weight and body
composition. (p. 325)
2. Outline steps to follow for
healthful weight gain and
weight loss. (p. 328)
3. Evaluate common weight-loss
strategies (p. 330)
4. Discuss risks for developing
eating disorders. (p. 332)
5. Discuss facts about anorexia
nervosa and bulimia. (p. 334)
6. Discuss binge eating disorder
and obesity: the causes,
symptoms, associated health
problems, and treatment.
Maintaining a Healthful
Weight
• I will maintain a desirable weight and body
composition.
• I will develop skills to prevent eating disorders.
diet and exercise plan to maintain a desirable weight and body
composition is weight management. If you maintain a desirable
weight, you have a better chance of avoiding many preventable
diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.
A
(p. 336)
Why It’s Important
Proper weight management can
help you look and feel your best.
Getting caught up in fad diets or
eating disorders can be disastrous
for your health and wallet.
k Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
body composition
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
caloric intake
caloric expenditure
overweight
obesity
eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
bulimia
binge eating disorder
Writing About Bingeing Suppose that you eat regular amounts when
you are with other people, but you binge in private. You feel guilty about
it and keep promising yourself that you’ll never do it again, but you
continue having binge episodes. After you read the information about
binge eating on page 336, think about your choices and make a list in
your health journal of what you should change about your behavior.
Health TEKS covered by Lesson 29: 1B, 1C, 1D, 2B, 7A, 7D, 13A, 16A, 17A, 17C
324 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
Michael Keller/CORBIS
he first step in weight management is to determine your desirable weight and body
T
composition. Desirable weight is the weight that is healthful for a person. Body
composition is the percentage of fat tissue and lean tissue in the body. A physician
and dietitian can help you. Factors that determine what your desirable weight should be
include age, height, gender, body frame, basal metabolic rate, and activity level.
How to Determine Desirable
Weight and Body Composition
A physician or dietitian will ask your
age and measure your height and
current weight.
The physician or dietitian will ask
about your activity level. Physical
activity increases BMR.
Body frame The approximate weight
and density of the bone structure is
your body frame. The size and thickness of bones vary from person to
person.
You can determine if you have a
small, medium, or large body frame by
either measuring the circumference of
your wrist or by measuring the
breadth of your elbow. There are standard measurements for both male and
female body frames in relation to the
person’s height. A physician can help
you with this measurement.
Body composition A physician or dietitian will emphasize the importance
of having a healthful body composition. Percentage of body fat can vary.
There are two kinds of body fat.
Essential body fat is the amount of
body fat needed for optimal health.
A caliper is one tool used
to measure percentage
of body fat.
Basal metabolic rate The number of
calories the body uses at rest is the
basal metabolic rate (BAY suhl·
meh tuh BAH lik·RAYT) (BMR). A
unit of energy produced by food and
used by the body is a calorie. There
are tests to determine thyroid gland
function and BMR. A physician will
determine if these tests are necessary.
tx.healthmh.com/body_composition
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 325
David Madison/Getty Images
Make the
Connection
Physical Activities
For more information
on physical activities
that help you reduce
or maintain a
healthful percentage
of body fat, see page
375 in Lesson 34.
Adipose tissue
is found in
many areas of
the body.
1B (covered on page
326): Examine the
realationship among body
compostion, diet, and
fitness.
Quick Quiz:
How do diet and fitness
affect body composition?
326 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
For example, fat-soluble vitamins
must be dissolved in fat before they
can be used. Adipose (A duh pos)
tissue is fat that accumulates
around internal organs, within muscle, and under your skin. Suppose
you have a high percentage of adipose tissue. Your risk of developing
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis increases.
A healthful percentage of body fat
for teen males is about 11 to 17 percent. A healthful percentage of body
fat for teen females is about 16 to 24
percent. There are different tests to
measure your percentage of body fat.
One test uses calipers to measure the
thickness of skinfolds. A more accurate test involves underwater weighing. If you want to quickly determine
if you have too much body fat, pinch a
fold of skin on your upper arm.
Estimate the thickness. You may have
an excess of body fat if you pinch more
than one inch.
Adipose tissue
How to make a weight management
plan A weight management plan
is based on caloric intake and
caloric expenditure. Caloric intake
Weight Management Plan
Caloric
intake
Caloric
expenditure
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
A weight management plan can be used to help
you evaluate your caloric intake and your caloric
expenditure.
is the number of calories a person
takes in from foods and beverages.
Caloric expenditure is the number
of calories a person uses for BMR,
digestion, and physical activity. To
maintain weight, your caloric intake
must be the same as your caloric
expenditure.
To gain weight, your caloric intake
must be greater than your caloric
expenditure. To lose weight, your
caloric intake must be less than your
caloric expenditure.
To make a weight management
plan, you must know about calories
and body fat. The energy equivalent
of one pound of body fat is equal to
3500 calories. To gain one pound,
increase caloric intake by 3500 calories and maintain the same amount
of activity. To lose one pound,
decrease caloric intake by 3500 calories and maintain the same amount
of activity or increase caloric expenditure by 3500 calories. Also, regular
exercise will increase the proportion
of weight loss from body fat.
Using Goal-Setting and Decision-Making Skills:
Calculating Caloric Needs
Factors such as age, activity, and metabolic rate affect how many calories you can consume each day.
Follow the four steps below to find out how many calories you need to maintain your current weight.
Your doctor can give you more exact numbers, but use these formulas as estimates. Keep in mind that
what you eat is just as important as how much you eat, so try to make nutritious choices.
1
Calculate yo
ur basal
metabolic ra
te (BMR),
which is ho
w many
calories you
r body uses
to
stay alive a
nd to perfo
rm
most
basic funct
ions. Female
s
should
multiply th
eir body we
ight (in
pounds) by
10 to get ca
lories for
BMR. Male
s should m
u
lt
iply their
body weigh
t (in pound
s)
by 11 to
get calories
for BMR.
that you
in calories
r
to
c
fa
n
e
Th
ically
u are phys
o
y
n
e
h
w
use
le should
ctive peop
active. Ina
BMR (from
lories for
a
c
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th
ly
s for
multip
get calorie
to
.3
0
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re
step 1)
ple who a
ctivity. Peo
a
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iply
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ly
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r BMR by
fo
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a
the c
should
ery active
who are v
for BMR
e calories
multiply th
by 0.75.
2
many
ulate how
Next, calc
eeds to
ur body n
o
y
s
e
ri
lo
ca
calories
. Add the
d
o
fo
t
s
e
dig
ysical
ries for ph
lo
a
c
e
th
y 0.1
for BMR to
number b
t
a
th
ly
ip
ult
activity. M
eeded to
calories n
e
th
to get
d.
digest foo
3
Goal setting When planning any
type of goal setting, it is best to create a health contract or some type of
plan. Start by writing your name
and date. Then write the health
behavior you want to practice as a
health goal. Perhaps you want to
reduce your caloric intake by 500
calories each day in order to lose
weight. This would be your health
goal. Next, write specific statements
that describe how this healthful
behavior reduces health risks. If
you are overweight, reducing caloric
intake and reducing weight will
reduce your risk of developing heart
disease, high blood pressure and
other preventable illnesses. You will
tx.healthmh.com/body_composition
4
Lastly, add it all toge
ther to get
your total: Add calor
ies for BMR
(from step 1), calor
ies for physical
activity (from step
2), and calories to
digest food (from ste
p 3) to get the tota
l
calories you need ea
ch day.
Read food labels
to determine the
number of calories
per serving.
then need to make a specific plan
for recording your progress. This
may be done on a daily or weekly
basis, but should be a part of your
contract. Set a target date to evaluate your progress, stating how the
plan helped you accomplish your
health goal.
Decision-making skills You have set a
goal and developed a plan. Next,
think of decisions you make that
might interfere with your progress.
Are you placing yourself in situations
that will help you reduce your caloric
intake? Making responsible decisions
regarding your caloric needs can help
you reach your goal.
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 327
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
body weight that is 10 percent or more
A
below desirable body weight is underweight.
People who are underweight may be
malnourished. Malnutrition is a condition in which the body does not get the
nutrients required for optimal health. In most cases, people who are
malnourished have inadequate vitamin and mineral intake. Teens who are malnourished may
not have the nutrients needed for proper growth. They may lack energy.
How to Gain Weight
There are other reasons why teens
may be underweight. They may have
a disease or an eating disorder. Teens
who are underweight should have a
physical examination to determine
the cause. They should work with a
physician and/or dietitian to develop
a healthful plan for weight gain.
How to Gain Weight
Healthfully
Begin your weight gain program with
a physical examination by a physician.
Have a physician or dietitian determine the number of pounds you need
to gain. He or she can help you design
a plan for weight gain. Remember, the
energy equivalent of 1 pound of body
fat is equal to 3500 calories.
Mini-Review
1. What is desirable
weight?
2. What is body
composition?
328 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
(tt)Photodisc/Getty Images
Increase food intake. Suppose you
want to gain 5 pounds. You may want
to gain 1 pound a week for five weeks.
You will need to increase your caloric
intake by 3500 calories a week to gain
a pound each week. This means you
need to take in 500 more calories each
day (3500 calories divided by seven
days = 500 calories). You can do this
by increasing the number of servings
from each food group in the Food
Guide Pyramid. Eat extra servings of
bread, cereal, rice, and pasta. Increase
your servings of fruits and vegetables.
Drink more milk. Eat more yogurt
and cheese. Increase your portions of
meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs,
and nuts.
Follow the Dietary Guidelines. Even
though you want to gain weight, you
must follow the Dietary Guidelines.
You do not want to develop harmful
eating habits that are difficult to
break. For example, you do not want
to pig out on french fries with a lot of
salt. Choose low-fat and lean foods
from the meat, poultry, fish, dry
beans, eggs, and nuts group. Select
broiled, baked, steamed, or poached
foods rather than fried foods. Use egg
substitutes. Choose low-fat or fat-free
foods from the milk, yogurt, and
cheese group.
Watch eating habits and activity levels.
Eat snacks between meals. Exercise
to increase muscle mass. Continue to
drink plenty of fluids, especially
water. Ask for the support of family
members and friends. It is helpful if
you keep a journal of food and beverage intake and weight gain. Review
the information in your journal with
a physician or dietitian.
body weight that is 10 percent or more than
A
desirable body weight is overweight. A body
weight that is 20 percent or more than desirable
body weight is obesity. Obesity is extremely harmful to
health. Unfortunately, obesity is on the rise among U.S.
children and teenagers. Follow the steps below to ensure that
obesity does not harm your health.
How to Lose Weight
A physician can check for other
causes of overweight, such as an
underactive thyroid gland. People
who are overweight and obese are at
risk for developing cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers.
Steps to Lose Weight
Healthfully
Before you begin your weight-loss
program, have a physical examination by a physician. Then have a
physician or dietitian determine the
number of pounds you need to lose
and help you design a plan for weight
loss. Remember, the energy equivalent of 1 pound of body fat is equal to
3500 calories.
Decrease food intake. Suppose you
want to lose 10 pounds. You may
want to lose 2 pounds a week for five
weeks. This means you need to use
1000 more calories each day than you
take in. For example, you might
reduce your caloric intake by 500
calories and engage in physical activity to burn 500 calories. Select lowcalorie foods and beverages from
each food group. Read food labels to
determine serving sizes and calories.
tx.healthmh.com/weight
Follow the Dietary Guidelines. Be
especially careful to choose low-fat
and fat-free foods that also are lowcalorie. Trim fat from foods. Select
broiled, baked, poached, and steamed
foods rather than fried foods. Limit
sugars and salt. Keep available
ready-to-eat, low-calorie snacks with
you to eat between classes. Drink
plenty of fluids. Your body needs
plenty of water to burn fat.
Stay active. Participate in regular
physical activity. Physical activity
increases BMR. Try to engage in
physical activity early in the morning
and again later in the day. Physical
activity tones muscle. When you
engage in vigorous physical activity,
your body secretes beta-endorphins.
These hormones improve mood. They
keep you from feeling down when you
are dieting.
Keep a journal. Keep a journal of food
and beverage intake and weight loss.
Your physician or dietitian will recommend a way of keeping a record of
your food and beverage intake and
weight loss. Review this information
with the physician or dietitian. Ask
for the support of family and friends.
Combo Meal
You can “up-size” a
combo meal, soda
pop, pastry, and other
foods for only a few
extra cents, but doing
so can double the
calories you will eat.
Eating much larger
portion sizes is one
reason for the current
epidemic of obesity in
the United States.
Make the TEXAS
Connection
Physical Fitness For
more information on
physical fitness, see
page TX11 in the
Texas Student
Handbook.
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 329
Photodisc/Getty Images
here are healthful ways to lose weight gradually. A person should
T
attempt gradual weight loss after checking with a physician and/or
dietitian. This procedure allows a person to develop healthful eating
habits. After reaching desirable weight, a person gradually adds more calories
to his or her diet to maintain weight. Some people try other strategies for losing weight.
What to Know About WeightLoss Strategies
There are a variety of
products from which to
choose that claim to
help you lose weight.
Liquid diets A diet in which beverages
are substituted for some or all meals
is a liquid diet. Some liquid diets are
obtained only at a diet center, hospital,
or physician’s office and must be followed under medical supervision.
Before beginning a medically supervised liquid diet, a person has a physical examination and extensive blood
tests. An electrocardiogram is required
to check the condition of the heart.
While on the liquid diet, a person
has medical supervision with blood
tests at set intervals. Because more
fluids are taken
in, urination will
occur more frequently.
An
over-thecounter product
may be taken to
help with bowel
movements. The
person may attend
classes to learn
more about eating
habits. When the
weight-loss goal is
330 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
(tt)Photodisc/Getty Images, CORBIS; (b)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit
reached, a maintenance plan must be
followed. The plan is designed to help
the person practice healthful eating
habits.
Some liquid diets are sold in supermarkets and drugstores and do not
require medical supervision. Using
these liquid diets can be dangerous.
These diets usually contain few calories. People who use them may have
side effects. They often do not learn
healthful eating habits and may
regain the weight that was lost.
Fad diets A quick weight-loss strategy that is popular for a short time is
a fad diet. The grapefruit diet and
the cabbage soup diet are examples
of fad diets. Some people try so many
different diets that they never
develop healthful eating habits. They
lose weight and gain it back when
they resume their former eating
habits. Some fad diets are dangerous.
The only way to obtain a balanced
diet is to get the correct number of
servings from each food group in the
Food Guide Pyramid.
Prescription medications The Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) has
approved prescription drugs for the
treatment of obesity. An anorectic
drug is a drug that decreases
appetite. Some anorectic drugs help
increase serotonin levels in the
brain. Serotonin is a chemical in
the body that helps regulate primitive drives and emotions. People who
take anorectic drugs for obesity
require medical supervision. They
need a physical examination, electrocardiogram, and regular blood tests.
They usually follow a special diet
and meet regularly with a dietitian.
Long-term studies are being conducted on the safety and effectiveness of anorectic drugs.
Starvation diets A method of weight
loss in which a person severely
restricts calories is a starvation
diet. Starvation diets are dangerous. When caloric consumption is
very low, there is not enough blood
glucose to provide energy. The body
relies on stored fat for energy. A high
amount of fat is released into the
Care Clinic
John E. Smith, M.D.
For
Date
Sarah Jones
10/15/06
Address
1234 Elm Street
Tenuate (Diethylpropion) 75 mg
Take 1 tablet on an empty stomach, once
daily, 30-60 minutes before breakfast.
John E. Smith
Care Clinic
May substitute
May not substitute
M.D.
D.E.A. #
Refill NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 (1 year)
An anorectic drug is sometimes used in the
treatment of obesity.
tx.healthmh.com/weight
blood. Fat ketosis (kee
TOH suhs) is a condition
in which excessive ketones are released into the
blood. Symptoms include
a “fruity-smelling” breath,
loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, and abdominal
pain. Confusion, unconsciousness, and death can
occur.
Over-the-counter diet pills Some diet
pills can be purchased in drugstores,
grocery stores, health food stores, and
by mail order without a prescription.
Some of the diet pills claim to suppress appetite. Others claim to fill
the stomach and curb a person’s
hunger.
Diet pills can be dangerous, addictive, and ineffective. Side effects
may include headaches, heart palpitations, dizziness, nervousness,
drowsiness, rapid pulse rate, and
sleeplessness. In addition, teens who
use diet pills often do not get a balanced diet. They may suffer from
malnutrition.
Laxatives and diuretics A drug that
helps a person have a bowel movement is a laxative. A product that
increases the amount of urine
excreted is a diuretic. A person may
take laxatives or use diuretics to rid
the body of fluids. However, the
weight loss from their use is temporary because it is only fluid loss.
Ridding the body of fluids can be
dangerous—it may decrease the
amount of potassium in the blood.
This can interfere with normal heart
function and cause abdominal pain,
nausea, diarrhea, bloating, and
dehydration.
Many diet pills may
be purchased over the
counter.
Mini-Review
1. What is a fad diet?
2. What is a
starvation diet?
3. What is the
purpose of a
laxative?
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 331
Tim Fuller
condition in which a person has a compelling need to starve, to binge, or to binge
A
and purge is an eating disorder. To eat large amounts of food over a short period
of time is to binge. To rid the body of food by vomiting or by using laxatives and
diuretics is to purge. Eating disorders are addictions. Teens with eating disorders feel
compelled to starve, eat to excess, vomit, use laxatives and diuretics, and exercise to extremes
to control their weight. As with other addictions, eating disorders are caused by misinformed
attitudes and harmful ways of coping.
Binge Eating
Disorder As many as
2 percent of females
in the United States
may be affected by
binge eating disorder.
1D (covered on page
332): Describe the causes,
symptoms, and treatment
of eating disorders.
Quick Quiz:
Why are some teens at risk
for eating disorders?
Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
Emphasis on appearance Body image
is the perception a person has of his or
her body’s appearance. Teens who
have a positive body image look in the
mirror and like what they see. They
are not uncomfortable if they are
shorter, taller, or less muscular than
other teens. Teens who have a negative
body image look in the mirror and are
dissatisfied. They want to have a different appearance. They may develop
a distorted body image. When they
look in the mirror, they see themselves
TABLE 29.1
as fat when they are not. Television
shows and magazine ads often portray
teens who are excessively thin. Teens
who lack self-confidence may begin to
compare themselves to successful
models and professional athletes.
Uncomfortable with secondary sex
characteristics During puberty, the
secondary sex characteristics develop. Some teens have difficulty
when these changes occur. For example, some females are uncomfortable
Anorexia v. Bulimia: What’s the Difference?
Teens with anorexia...
Teens with bulimia...
Are often females age 14 to 18
Are often females age 15 to 24
Are very thin
May have normal weight
Deny their behavior
Are aware of their behavior and feel guilty, but cannot change
Deny they are hungry
Recognize they are hungry and want to eat
Withdraw from others
May be outgoing and social
Females do not have menstrual periods
Females may have irregular menstrual periods
Resist treatment
Are more likely to get help when they are confronted with their behavior
332 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
when their breasts begin to develop.
They slouch and wear baggy clothes
to hide their breasts. They feel anxious and uncomfortable about body
changes. Some males may feel embarrassed about voice changes during
puberty. They may have difficulty
dealing with other hormonal changes,
such as facial hair growth. These
teens may choose harmful ways to
cope with their feelings. They may
starve or binge and purge rather than
talk about their feelings.
Perfectionism A compelling need to be
flawless is perfectionism. Teens who
are perfectionists are overly critical of
themselves. Perfectionism is the result
of feeling inadequate and insecure.
Some teens become perfectionists
because adults had unrealistic expectations of them during their childhood.
When teens who are perfectionists
begin a diet, they may go overboard.
This may result in an eating disorder.
The need to control Some teens feel
compelled to control every situation.
These teens may have had traumatic
childhoods. Perhaps they were raised
in families with alcoholism or abuse
and were not able to rely on responsible adults to protect them. They might
never know when a parent, guardian,
or adult family member might be
drinking or be physically or sexually
abusive. As a result, these teens have
difficulty trusting the unknown and
feel more secure when they control situations. They diet or exercise to
extremes as a way to show control.
Expression of emotions Some teens
are not able to express their emotions.
They have difficulty when they feel
frustrated, lonely, depressed, or anxious. They substitute other behaviors
tx.healthmh.com/eating_disorders
for the healthful expression of these
emotions. For example, suppose a
teen feels lonely and rejected. This
teen may eat sweets or have other
foods to comfort himself or herself.
Suppose a teen is frustrated when
doing algebra. This teen may turn to
food for comfort. He or she relies on
excessive eating as a way to satisfy
his or her emotional needs. Other
teens starve themselves when they
have emotional needs.
Teens often express their
emotions through their
eating habits.
Behaviors of an Eating Disorder
Read each of the following statements. If one or more describe you, talk
to your parents, guardian, or other responsible adult. These behaviors
may indicate that you are at risk for developing an eating disorder.
• I constantly compare myself
to others.
• I am unhappy with my physical appearance.
• I wear baggy clothes to hide
my body changes, such as my
breasts. (females)
• I think it is disgusting to have
menstrual periods. (females)
• I am never satisfied with anything I do.
• My parent or guardian is never
satisfied with anything I do.
• I felt unsafe during my childhood (from alcoholism, physical abuse, or sexual abuse in
the family).
• I only feel secure when I can
feel that I am in control of a
situation.
• I do not know what to do
when I feel lonely, frustrated,
rejected, or depressed.
• I reach for food, starve, exercise, or rid myself of food
when I am uncomfortable.
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 333
Aaron Haupt
n eating disorder in which a person starves himself or herself and weighs 15 percent
A
or more below desirable weight is anorexia nervosa. The person also may exercise to
extremes in order to lose weight. Anorexia nervosa, which is usually referred to as
anorexia, is life-threatening.
What to Know About Anorexia
Anorexia One-half
of 1 percent to 3.7
percent of U.S. females
suffer from anorexia
in their lifetime. The
mortality rate of
people with anorexia
is one-half of 1 percent
per year, which is 12
times higher than the
annual death rate due
to all causes of death
among females ages
15–24.
Obsessed with being thin People with
anorexia do not recognize when they
are dangerously thin. When they look
at their bodies in the mirror, they see
themselves as fat when they are very
thin. The disease can affect males
and females, teens and adults. Many
people with anorexia, especially
teens, are obsessed with exercise.
Some abuse laxatives, enemas, and
diuretics. Most are perfectionists—
people who consider anything less
than perfect as unacceptable.
Perfectionism Teens with anorexia
often are good students and are obedient and respectful. They often set
very high expectations for themselves. As a result, they feel inadequate if these expectations are not
met on a consistent basis. To gain
back control, they starve themselves.
When family members or others
pressure them, they become even
more committed to starving. Teens
with anorexia deny their behavior.
Treatment for anorexia nervosa
Treatment for anorexia involves a
team of professionals—physicians,
nurses, dietitians, and mental-health
professionals. A treatment plan is
developed that deals with physical,
mental, and emotional health problems. A hospital stay may be necessary
to treat for dehydration and malnutrition. Intravenous feedings may be
required to supply nutrients. Tests are
required to assess and treat damage to
body organs. Mental-health professionals work with the teen who is
anorexic and with his or her family.
Metropolis
High School
Superintendent
Telephone
Terry Ellis
555-0788
Principal
Telephone
Phyllis White
Student name
I.D. No. Sex Grade Home rm.
Stephanie Gluck 0082 F
How Anorexia Nervosa Harms Health
Teens with anorexia may have:
•
•
•
•
•
dehydration and constipation,
abdominal pain and nausea,
hormonal changes,
damage to body organs,
decrease in heart rate and
blood pressure,
• impaired immune system
function,
334 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
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U.S. History
Algebra 2
Science
Orchestra
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4 2005
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Days Absent 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 5.0
Days Tardy 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
06/17/05
Course name GP1 GP2 Exam GP3 GP4 Exam Final Credit
• absence of menstruation in
females,
• hair loss,
• malnutrition,
• negative self-confidence,
• a lack of self-respect,
• depression,
• an urge to withdraw.
GP
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Comments
A pleasure to have in class
Cooperative, attentive attitude
A pleasure to have in class
Responsible and dependable
A pleasure to have in class
Total credits earned
Teens who have anorexia are often
obsessed with perfectionism.
n eating disorder in which a person binges and purges is bulimia. Bingeing and
A
purging involves eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, then ridding
the body of the foods. Teens with bulimia may vomit or use laxatives or diuretics to
purge. An estimated 1.1 to 4.2 percent of U.S. females have bulimia in their lifetime.
What to Know About Bulimia
Bulimia is far more common than
anorexia nervosa. Most cases of
bulimia occur in teen females who
want to lose weight, but males
also may suffer from the disorder.
Obsession People with bulimia are
obsessed with their body shape and
size. They try to follow a diet but are
unsuccessful. So they turn to starvation to lose weight. Then they feel
compelled to eat and go on a binge.
After the binge, they feel guilty and
worry about weight gain. Then they
feel compelled to purge.
Negative body image Teens who have
a negative body image are at risk for
bulimia. Many try to emulate a thin
body image portrayed in the media.
Teens who were raised in families in
which there was alcoholism or abuse
also might be at risk. These teens often
are insecure and depressed. Denying
their feelings increases the likelihood
that they will binge and purge.
Behaviors of teens with bulimia
Unlike teens with anorexia, teens
with bulimia usually know they have
a problem. Many teens try to conceal
their bulimic behavior, often by hiding the containers and wrappers
from food on which they just binged.
They may frequently visit the bathroom directly after a meal and turn
on the sink faucets for a long time to
cover the sound of vomiting.
tx.healthmh.com/eating_disorders
How bulimia harms health Teens with
bulimia may have dissolved tooth
enamel, tooth decay, and sore gums.
Other indications of bulimia are
enlarged salivary glands and swollen
cheeks. There is often severe water
loss, which causes a depletion of
potassium in the blood and an
increase in blood pressure. The person
may suffer damage to the colon, heart,
and kidneys. Sometimes there is
impaired bowel function.
Treatment for bulimia Teens with
bulimia often maintain desirable
weight and are successful at hiding
their behavior. Treatment for bulimia
involves a team of professionals who
deal with physical and emotional
health problems. Teens with bulimia
must develop new ways of coping to
gain self-respect and self-confidence.
Mini-Review
1. What are the
symptoms of
anorexia nervosa?
2. What are the
symptoms of
bulimia?
3. What are
treatments for
anorexia and
bulimia?
Signs of Bulimia in Teens
Teens with bulimia may:
• binge in private, but eat regular amounts when with others,
• have one secret place in
which to binge, such as a
closet,
• steal food or hide it in a
secret place,
• think about food constantly
and plan each binge carefully,
• buy or steal special treats or
elaborate dishes for a binge,
• gulp food quickly while
bingeing so as not to be
discovered,
• steal money to purchase food
or steal food from the stores,
• exercise and diet excessively
between binges.
LESSON 29 • Maintaining a Healthful Weight 335
n eating disorder in which a person cannot control eating and consumes excessive
A
amounts is binge eating disorder. The diagnosis is made when a person binges two or
more times per week for six months. During binge episodes, a person often eats rapidly,
eats until he or she is uncomfortably full, eats alone, and feels guilty about binging. Between 2
and 5 percent of Americans experience binge eating disorder in any given six-month period.
What to Know About Binge Eating
Disorder and Obesity
Overweight
The percent of
children who are
overweight continues
to increase. Among
children and teens
ages 6-19, 15 percent
(almost 9 million) are
overweight according
to the 1999-2000
data, or triple what
the proportion was in
1980.
336 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
Binge eating disorder is more common in females. Teens with this disorder turn to food as a substitute for
coping. After a time, they are
addicted to food. Family and friends
know they have a weight problem,
but may not realize that the cause is
an eating disorder.
Teens with binge eating disorder
need medical and psychological help.
Their attempts at weight loss are
never successful. Binge eating
disorder is more common in people
who are severely obese.
How binge eating disorder and obesity harm health There are many
physical problems associated with
binge eating disorder and obesity.
Teens who are overweight or obese
may have skeletal difficulties due to
the need for bones to support extra
weight. There is an increase in the
person’s heart rate and blood pressure. There is an increased risk of
developing cardiovascular diseases,
high blood pressure, diabetes, and
certain types of cancer.
Teens with binge eating disorder
may lack self-respect, have negative
self-esteem, have a negative body
image, and have frequent bouts of
depression. Many do not feel
accepted by peers, and often turn to
eating as a substitute for meaningful
relationships.
Treatment for binge eating disorder
and obesity Treatment for binge eating disorder and obesity involves a
team of health-care professionals
who deal with physical and emotional problems. A weight-loss plan is
designed. The person on the diet has
medical supervision with blood tests
at set intervals. Obese people sometimes are placed on liquid diets
under close physician supervision.
After weight loss, patients must
learn new eating habits. They are
supervised on a maintenance plan to
prevent relapse. To change eating
habits, patients need to examine the
reasons why they developed binge eating disorder. Therapy, nutrition classes,
and support groups are helpful.
29
DY
U
T
S
E
D
I
U
G
anorexia nervosa
basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
binge eating disorder
body composition
bulimia
caloric expenditure
caloric intake
eating disorder
laxative
obesity
overweight
underweight
k Key Terms Review
Match the definitions below with the lesson Key Terms on the left. Do not write in this book.
1. fat tissue and lean tissue in the body
2. calories the body uses at rest
3. the number of calories a person takes in
from foods and beverages
7. a mental disorder in which a person has a
compelling need to starve, to binge, or to
binge and purge
4. the number of calories a person uses for
BMR, digestion, and physical activity
8. a life-threatening eating disorder in which a
person starves himself or herself and weighs
15 percent or more below desirable weight
5. a body weight that is 10 percent or more
than desirable body weight
9. an eating disorder in which a person
binges and purges
6. a body weight that is 20 percent or more
than desirable body weight
10. an eating disorder in which a person cannot control eating and eats excessively
Recalling the Facts
11. What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
12. Distinguish between caloric intake and
caloric expenditure.
13. What causes malnutrition?
16. What type of prescription drug has been
approved by the FDA in the treatment of
obesity?
14. When is a person considered overweight?
17. Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment of eating disorders.
15. What two things should a person do
before going on a liquid diet?
18. What are three characteristics of a person
who has anorexia?
Critical Thinking
19. How can a person gain 1 pound every
week for six weeks?
20. How can a person lose 1 pound every
week for four weeks?
21. Many people feel they should weigh more
or less than they actually weigh. Explain
the factors that might contribute to this
way of thinking.
22. Discuss how a person can determine if
he or she has a small, medium, or large
frame. Who can help you make this
determination?
Real-Life Applications
23. How can you determine your desirable
weight and body composition?
24. One of your classmates weighs 102
pounds, but she thinks she is fat. Explain
why she might be in danger of developing
anorexia.
25. Explain what you might say to a team
member of yours who exercises excessively.
26. What would your advice be to a friend
who decides to take a diuretic each day
because she is afraid of gaining weight?
Activities
Responsible Decision Making
27.
Resistance A friend suggests that you
buy laxatives to use for quick weight loss.
Write a response to your friend. Refer to
the Responsible Decision-Making Model on
page 61 for help.
Visit tx.healthmh.com/study_guide for more review questions.
Sharpen Your Life Skills
28.
Analyze Influences on Health
Write a news show report in which you
evaluate a trendy fad diet. Use the Food
Guide Pyramid as the basis for your
evaluation.
LESSON 29 • Study Guide 337
Photodisc/Getty Images
5
Y
STUD
GUIDE
k Key Terms Review
Match the following definitions with the correct Key Terms. Do not write in this book.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
antioxidant (p. 303)
caloric expenditure (p. 326)
Dietary Guidelines (p. 294)
diuretic (p. 331)
e.
f.
g.
h.
eating disorder (p. 332)
food-borne illness (p. 320)
Food Guide Pyramid (p. 296)
food intolerance (p. 308)
i.
j.
k.
l.
herbal supplement (p. 288)
megadosing (p. 314)
metabolism (p. 312)
nutrient (p. 282)
shows how many servings a person should eat from each food group
contain extracts or ingredients from the roots, berries, seeds, and stems of plants
a substance that protects cells from being damaged by oxidation
taking vitamins in excessive amounts
an abnormal response to food that is not caused by the immune system
6. a substance in food that helps with body processes and repair of cells
7. an illness caused by consuming contaminated foods or beverages
8. recommendations for diet choices among healthy Americans who are two years
of age or more
9. a condition in which a person has a compelling need to starve, to binge, or to
binge and purge
10. the number of calories a person uses for BMR, digestion, and physical activity
Recalling the Facts
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
What determines your blood cholesterol level? (Lesson 25)
What information is included on a food label? (Lesson 25)
Why do you need a diet with plenty of grain products, vegetables, and fruits? (Lesson 26)
Which food groups are at the bottom of the Food Guide Pyramid? Why? (Lesson 26)
Why should you include cruciferous vegetables in your diet? (Lesson 27)
What are three ways to obtain antioxidants in your diet? (Lesson 27)
Why do you need to eat a healthful breakfast each morning? (Lesson 28)
What are signs you may have eaten contaminated food? (Lesson 28)
19. What are the health risks associated with having a high percentage of body fat? (Lesson 29)
20. What are ways that having anorexia nervosa may harm health? (Lesson 29)
Critical Thinking
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
How can you get the equivalent of six to eight glasses of water a day? (Lesson 25)
Why might a person choose to take vitamin supplements? (Lesson 25)
Why do you need to eat a variety of foods? (Lesson 26)
Why do people eat more fats and sugars than they need? (Lesson 26)
Why does eating a poor diet put a person at risk for so many diseases? (Lesson 27)
How would people know if they might be at risk for a diet-related disease? (Lesson 27)
Why do people eat even when they are not hungry? (Lesson 28)
What eating habits might a person change to have a more healthful diet? (Lesson 28)
How does regular physical activity help teens manage their weight? (Lesson 29)
What are healthful things teens can do to lose weight? (Lesson 29)
338 UNIT 5 • Nutrition
(t)Photodisc/Getty Images, (c)Photodisc/Getty Images, (b)Photodisc/Getty Images
tx.healthmh.com/vocabulary_puzzlemaker
Health Literacy Activities
What Do You Know?
Self-Directed Learning Prepare to play “foodball”
by writing a factual question relating to nutrition. Get
into groups. Each group will take turns taping a nutrition question onto a small football and passing it to a member of the
opposing team. If the person that catches the ball answers the
question correctly, their team gets a point. If the person “fumbles” the question, the team who threw the pass will get a point.
Connection to Government
Effective Communication Write a letter to the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requesting information about a nutritional issue in which you are interested.
Share with classmates the information you receive.
Family Involvement
Critical Thinking Evaluate your family’s eating
habits, using the information you have learned in this
unit. What healthful eating habits does your family practice?
Standardized Test Practice
Investigating Health Careers
Problem Solving A dietitian is a nutrition expert
who counsels patients, health-care providers, community members, and the food industry on nutrition. Dietitians
advise people about what foods to eat to help maintain optimal
health and wellness. Write a letter to a dietitian in your community asking for suggestions on how to eat healthfully. Ask questions about aspects of nutrition that interest you.
Group Project
Responsible Citizenship Investigate the laws that
govern food safety. Include information on regulations that govern the storage and transportation of food, and
restaurant cleanliness. Make a list of these regulations. Share
the list with your family members and classmates. Visit
tx.healthmh.com/food_borne_illnesses for more
information.
Reading and Writing TAKS: 1:6B, 3:7E, 3:7G, 3:10B,
4:1C, 4:2C, 5:2C, 5:3A, 5:3B, 5:3C, 6:2C
Reading
&Writing
Read the following selection and answer the questions that follow.
The sight was unforgettable. A cow would
begin to stumble crazily, collapse, and quickly
fall to its death. The dying cows suffered from
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE. It
is better known as mad cow disease. The cows
got the disease from eating food made of
ground-up parts from diseased sheep. People
became aware of a deadly new threat to the
food supply and to their health. Several young
people developed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a
rare but deadly nerve illness related to BSE.
Officials suspected the affected people may
have contracted the disease from eating
BSE-contaminated beef. British beef sales
plummeted and hundreds of thousands of
British cows were slaughtered. The disease
is now under control, but the horrible films
of “mad cows” remain as a warning.
tx.healthmh.com/standardized_test_practice
Multiple Choice
1 In this paragraph, the word plummeted means
A fell sharply
B rose
C shocked
D influenced
2 According to this paragraph, which of these statements is
true?
A Cows infected sheep with BSE.
B Cows and sheep grazed together in the same pastures
and the sheep infected the cows.
C Cows ate food intended for sheep and got the disease.
D Cows got BSE by eating parts of diseased sheep.
Open-Ended
3 In order to destroy BSE, the British government slaughtered
many cows that did not have the disease. Was this wise or
not? Write a paragraph supporting your position.
UNIT 5 • Study Guide 339
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